Explain Different types of blood groups & about donors?

Answer 1

there r 3 system to classify blood.

1st. AB0 system
consist of A B AB 0
A can donate to A and AB
B can donate to B and AB
0 can donate to all
Ab can only donate to AB


2nd. M N systems
I have no explanation

3rd Rhesus systems
+ and -
Rhesus systems usually being combined with AB0
such as; A+ or AB- etc

Answer 2

On the surface (or phenotypically) there are four blood groups (lets not about + and - es), A , B, O and AB.

But genetically, there are six. AO, AA, BO, BB, OO and AB.

What blood group you get depends of the genes you get from your parents.

In blood, there are three different types of alleles: A, B and O.

A and B show incomplete dominance. This means if you get both the A and B genes, it will show in your blood as AB.Of course, if you get both A, then congratulations, you're an A blood group. the same goes for B.

O is recessive. This means that it will take a backseat if it is paired up A or B, hence showing the A and B blood group.It only shows if both your genes are O, hence nothing is more dominant so O blood group.

I hope you get what i'm trying to explain.

Answer 3

There are more than 30 blood group systems, one of which is the ABO system. This system is based on the presence or absence of antigens A and B. You can get more detailed answers about blood groups. Mine is the most common, my maternal grandmother's was the rarest, so she always carried a note of it in her handbag. If the donor's blood group is A, you can receive A and O, if the donor's blood group is B then you can receive blood from B and O, if the donor's blood group is AB then you can receive blood from A, B, AB and O, if the blood group is O you can receive blood from O. I did all this from a 2-term first aid class recently, but you might still want to check it out from a nurse, etc.

Answer 4

There are four blood groups.They are: A , B . AB. O.
Group A can donate blood to A and AB
Group B can donate blood to B and AB
Group AB can donate blood to only AB
Group O can donate blood to A, AB, B, O( Universal donor)
Group A is defined by the presence of antigen A on their RBC
Group B is defined by the presence of antigen B on their RBC
Group AB is defined by the presence of antigens A and B in their RBC
Group O is defined by the absence of antigens in their RBC.
The basic principle behind blood transfusion is that if a particular antigen evokes antibody formation in the body of the recipient, then that blood should not be given to the person or patient.
The reason why Group O is universal donor is that its RBC does not have any antigen, hence its entry into the body of another person would not evoke antibody formation and as such there will be no reaction in the body of the recipient.
In the event of any reaction the result would be fatal as the RBC would clump and the blood vessels would be clogged.

Answer 5

Groups are O,A,B,AB and their combinations like AB+/- etc.

Only O ones can donate their bloods to everyone .Others blood groups have to be known since a A group one cannot have blood from B one.Its dangerous.

Answer 6

Types of blood groups are:

A+VE, B+VE, O+VE, AB+VE, A-ve, B-ve, O-ve, AB-ve
In which 'O'blood group persons are universal donors and 'AB' group are universal recepients.

Other groups of blood are:
Bombay blood group
Rh ,
Duffy,

Which was explained above is 'ABO' blood group.

Answer 7

The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually powerful IgM antibodies, which are usually produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses. ABO blood types are also present in apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 ABO antigens
* 2 History of discoveries
* 3 Serology
* 4 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn
* 5 Population data
* 6 Inheritance
* 7 Bombay phenotype
* 8 Nomenclature in former USSR
* 9 External links
* 10 References

[edit] ABO antigens
Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains which determine the ABO blood group
Enlarge
Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains which determine the ABO blood group

The A antigen and the B antigen are derived from a common precursor known as the H antigen (or H substance). The H antigen is a glycosphingolipid (sphingolipid with carbohydrates linked to the ceramide moiety). Since it lacks N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) it is referred to as a globoside, not a ganglioside. In blood group O the H antigen remains unchanged and consists of a chain of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and fructose attached to the ceramide. H antigens can be changed into A or B antigens by enzymes coded by the blood group A or B genes. Type A has an extra N-acetyl galactosamine bonded to the galactose near the end, while type B has an extra galactose bonded to the galactose near the end. Individuals with Type A blood can accept blood from donors of type A and type O blood. Individuals with type B blood can receive blood from donors of type B and type O blood. Individuals with type AB blood may receive blood from donors of type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood. Type AB blood is referred to the universal recipient. Individuals of type O blood may receive blood from donors of type O blood. Type O blood is called the universal donor.

Antibodies are not formed against the H antigen, except by those with the Bombay phenotype.

In secretors, ABH antigens are secreted by most mucous-producing cells of the body interfacing with the environment, including lung, skin, liver, pancreas, stomach, intestines, ovaries and prostate.

[edit] History of discoveries

The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, who found three different blood types in 1901; [1] he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work. Due to inadequate communication at the time it was subsequently found that Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups, [2] but Landsteiner's independent discovery had been accepted by virtually the whole scientific world while Janský remained in relative obscurity. Janský's classification is, however, still used in Russia and states of former USSR (see below). In America Moss published his own (very similar) work in 1910. [3] Landsteiner described A, B, and O; Decastrello and Sturli discovered the fourth type, AB, in 1907. [4]

[edit] Serology

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies, which are not present in the newborn, appear in the first years of life. It is thought that environmental antigens (bacterial, viral or plant antigens) are similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens that antibodies created against the environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross react with ABO-incompatible red blood cells. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM, which are not able to pass through the placenta to the fetal blood circulation.

[edit] ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn

Main article: ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn

ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause HDN because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type, which do not cross the placenta; however, sometimes IgG ABO antibodies are produced and a baby can develop ABO HDN.

[edit] Population data

The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB varies across the world according to the population or race. There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations.

In the UK the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Vikings, Danes, Saxons, Celts, and Normans who contributed the phonemes to the placenames and the genes to the population. [5]

Distribution of blood types among various populations[6]
Population O A B AB
Native South Americans 100% – – –
British 46% 42% 9% 3%
Irish 52% 35% 10% 3%
French 43% 45% 9% 3%
Hongkonger[7] 40% 26% 27% 7%
Vietnamese 45.0% 21.4% 29.1% 4.5%
Australian aboriginals 44.4% 55.6% – –
Germans 42.8% 41.9% 11.0% 4.2%
Bengalis 22.0% 24.0% 38.2% 15.7%
Saami 18.2% 54.6% 4.8% 12.4%
Finns 31% 44% 17% 8%

[edit] Inheritance
A and B are codominant, giving the AB phenotype.
Enlarge
A and B are codominant, giving the AB phenotype.

Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene with three alleles: i, IA, and IB. The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase - that is, an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens. The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome (9q34).

IA allele gives type A, IB gives type B, and i gives type O. IA and IB are dominant over i, so ii people have type O, IAIA or IAi have A, and IBIB or IBi have type B. IAIB people have both phenotypes because A and B express a special dominance relationship: codominance, which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child. Thus, it is extremely unlikely for a type AB parent to have a type O child (it is not, however, direct proof of illegitimacy): the cis-AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens. The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A1 or B red blood cells, which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group. [8]

Evolutionary biologists theorize that the IA allele evolved earliest, followed by O (by the deletion of a single nucleotide, shifting the reading frame) and then IB. This chronology accounts for the percentage of people worldwide with each blood type. It is consistent with the accepted patterns of early population movements and varying prevalent blood types in different parts of the world: for instance, B is very common in populations of Asian descent, but rare in ones of Western European descent.)
Blood group inheritance Mother/Father O A B AB
O O O, A O, B A, B
A O, A O, A O, A, B, AB A, B, AB
B O, B O, A, B, AB O, B A, B, AB
AB A, B A, B, AB A, B, AB A, B, AB

Answer 8

Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions
The discovery of blood groups
Experiments with blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person's blood stream, have been carried out for hundreds of years. Many patients have died and it was not until 1901, when the Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups, that blood transfusions became safer.

Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to blood clumping or agglutination. The clumped red cells can crack and cause toxic reactions. This can have fatal consequences. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood clumping was an immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells.

Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood types and thus paved the way for blood transfusions to be carried out safely. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.





What is blood made up of?
An adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood circulating in the body. Among other things, blood transports oxygen to various parts of the body.

Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma.

The red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. Red blood cells transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues.

The white blood cells fight infection.

The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example.

The plasma contains salts and various kinds of proteins.





What are the different blood groups?
The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules. The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.

There are more than 20 genetically determined blood group systems known today, but the AB0 and Rh systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.

Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.





AB0 blood grouping system
According to the AB0 blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or 0 (null).



Blood group A
If you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.





Blood group B
If you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.





Blood group AB
If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.





Blood group 0
If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.





Rh factor blood grouping system


Many people also have a so called Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.







Blood group notation
According to above blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:

A Rh+ B Rh+ AB Rh+ 0 Rh+
A Rh- B Rh- AB Rh- 0 Rh-

Do you know which blood group you belong to?






Blood typing – how do you find out to which blood group someone belongs?



A person with A+ blood receives B+ blood. The B antibodies (yellow) in the A+ blood attack the foreign red blood cells by binding to them. The B antibodies in the A+ blood bind the antigens in the B+ blood and agglutination occurs. This is dangerous because the agglutinated red blood cells break after a while and their contents leak out and become toxic.



1.
You mix the blood with three different reagents including either of the three different antibodies, A, B or Rh antibodies.

2.
Then you take a look at what has happened. In which mixtures has agglutination occurred? The agglutination indicates that the blood has reacted with a certain antibody and therefore is not compatible with blood containing that kind of antibody. If the blood does not agglutinate, it indicates that the blood does not have the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent.

3.
If you know which antigens are in the person's blood, it's easy to figure out which blood group he or she belongs to!





What is happening when the blood clumps or agglutinates?
For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and Rh blood groups must be compatible between the donor blood and the patient blood. If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood will clump or agglutinate. The agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and stop the circulation of the blood to various parts of the body. The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body. The red blood cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when outside the cell. This can have fatal consequences for the patient.

The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in the same way that the B antigens can bind to the B antibodies. This is what would happen if, for instance, a B blood person receives blood from an A blood person. The red blood cells will be linked together, like bunches of grapes, by the antibodies. As mentioned earlier, this clumping could lead to death.






Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from
whom?

People with blood group 0 are called "universal donors" and people with blood group AB are called "universal receivers."


Of course you can always give A blood to persons with blood group A, B blood to a person with blood group B and so on. But in some cases you can receive blood with another type of blood group, or donate blood to a person with another kind of blood group.

The transfusion will work if a person who is going to receive blood has a blood group that doesn't have any antibodies against the donor blood's antigens. But if a person who is going to receive blood has antibodies matching the donor blood's antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood will clump.

Blood Group Antigens Antibodies Can give blood to Can receive blood from
AB A and B None AB AB, A, B, 0
A A B A and AB A and 0
B B A B and AB B and 0
0 None A and B AB, A, B, 0 0




More about the discovery of the AB0 blood groups and Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner »

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