What is cloning..? How lifes created in simple way..? What is the role of the God in creation of the life?

Question

the question arises here as how the soul enters the father’s body ? The answer is, through breathing. And how do they come out ? During the process of copulation, the internal ‘energy wave’ moves faster. Which produces heat in the body resulting in the separation of some atom and molecules (Which had entered the body of the father through breathing, taking the form of cells (sperm) in the testis) from the body and make faster movement with the increase of heat, and they head towards any where they get open space. It is like the flow of water washing away some part of the clay on course. The structure of testis of a man is made up of both negative and positive molecules. It means all atoms in it contains proton, neutron and electrons. Where as, the ovary of a woman contains only negative atoms i.e. it contains major portion of neutron and some part of electron. During copulation, getting the head the sperms move ahead to unite with the atom (ovum) of the woman which is larger in size than the sperm. Only a single sperm succeeds in uniting with the ovum. The sperm utilizes the ovum as a protective covering for itself and within the protective boundary of the ovum it get nourished. Molecules which are successful become foetus, and grow to be a boy or girl, according to their ‘sanskar’ (systematic memory). Feeding on the molecules and atoms present in the uterus, the creature (foetus) makes its growth. In the food of men and women, there are molecules and atoms, which after the digestion of the food, become the part of body. Getting food from mother, the foetus also makes growth of its body. This is the episode of that sperm which is successful.
During the combining process, other remaining sperms which could not get the protection of the ovum, get destroyed fast and turn into souls. They are very delicate, for which they can’t survive the adverse condition. Molecules get destroyed, by feeding on each other also. Souls, for a new life being mingled with air enters the body through the respiration. After passing through the lungs they mingle with the blood of the father. Then going through different metabolic process of the body they become part of testis, getting the form of a reproductive cells. There, in the body of the father, they get the feeling of heaven or hell. They remain in the testis, waiting for a new birth. After getting heat, they start flowing out breaking the bond. Like this, for a life soul, it takes years to get a new birth until it gets proper co-incidence, because one or two out of several sperms can combine with the ovum and the rest get destroyed to go back to the queue again. In the uterus, apart from the foetus, the other germs also get the feeding, but the atoms (of the foetus body) can’t eat anything. They just cohere to each other for creating the shape of the body. Like this, noting is your own in this creation of eternity and none are stranger to you either. When your own body is not actually yours, then what do you expect from others ? This is a hard fact that, if one gets the feeding, the other has to lose its life. Inside and outside the body there are several lives getting flourished and getting destroyed at eh same time. Like earth, inside the body also, there are scenes of flood, quacks, heat cold, and with this many lives are affected. The reason behind the molecules of the germs achieving body or getting a shape, is their crave for getting a life of infinity. Every atom has a desire for improving itself. That is why, their SANSKAR, in a seed form gradually improves itself to reach the level that of a human being. This is the result of a serial development that takes place.
In 1997, a wave was brought to the science world, when a scientist of “Rossali Institute” named lan Bilmut and his associates created a sheep named ‘Dolly’ by cloning method. Clone means ionize (without sexual intercourse). The other meaning of clone is “replica” also. This move was heartily welcome by the science world, because by this process any part of the human body can be recreated. Any creature which is on the verge of extinction can be saved by this method. In U S A, the scientists of ‘Oregon Regional Private Research Center’ cloned a monkey. The scientists of Taiwan cloned a kind of swine which was on extinction. But, this joy didn’t last long. Within a year or two the cloned creatures started showing the sign of old age. Why did it happen like this ? To understand this we have to get in to the process of cloning first. The scientists took out a cell from the ‘udder’ of a white sheep and placed it between nutritious elements. Slowly the quantity of the elements got reduced. In result the cell became inactive and the division in it stopped. Next, an immature egg of a female black pigmented sheep was taken and the DNA of it was separated out from it. Now the egg lacking in a nucleus was combined with the inactive cell taken before. Electric wave was passed through them. The cells became active with this. The egg then accepted the nucleus of the cell. Like this, without any sexual contact a foetus got created. That foetus was placed in the uterus of a third sheep. In course of time a baby lamb was born from it which carried an exact resemblance of the first sheep. The baby sheep was named as ‘DOLLY’.
Now, it is an unanimously accepted theory that body of a creature is made by cells, and the continuity of life is based on the growth and division of cells, but for the growth of cell some factors are there. They are growth harmones, growth factors for the nervous system, ancogen factors, edible stuff present in the cell, the correlation between cell nucleus and plasma etc. According to the new research telimier is the part of chromosomes only, and keeps control over cell division. Slowly it loses its power. As we all know that every thing has a limit, a cell can only undergo division up to a certain number. In course of time the dividing power in a cell reduces. The cell which was used for production of “DOLLY” was a matured one, and had undergone several division before. The divisive power of it had been reduced considerably. That is why, the sign of early old age was seen in “Dolly”. Of course, in this aspect the scientist got some drawback, but they will overcome it very soon.
In the above aspect, the fast ageing of Dolly due to cloning method may have the reason that the cell taken from the sheep had completed most of its life span. In a body old cells die down to be replaced by new cells. The cells of mother sheep, which are made up of dormant germs, are under developing stage towards their ‘sheep form’. The meaning is, they are in a stage of few birth prior to become full seeds. Now they haven’t received the capacity of a complete seed form. These cells, after meeting death inside mother sheep for the process of next birth, enter into the male sheep through respiration to become a part of its cell. Again with developed stage they will become part of reproductive cell of the male sheep. During the copulation between the male and female sheep, they will enter the mother sheep in the form of sperms and any of them who would be received by the ovum would create a foetus.
If the scientist had to choose cells for cloning, they should choose from the area where cells are more improved from the view of further development. Like, a part of tests. It is much better if taken from the inner part. Or,the part of brain from where serum is secreted during the time of sexual intercourse. Then scientist can try cells (dormant germs) for best result in cloning because unlike tissue culture, in bio culture every atoms (cells) from a particular branch do not carry the ‘chance’ for a new life. In tissue culture every cell gets life after the process but, in a body of creature, each of all atoms does not redevelop itself, but go ahead in the direction of serial development.
In the series of development, water, air, vegetation, bacteria etc. serially got developed from the matter only. Bacteria or microbes are taken to be the member from last pedigree of the vegetation. Like protozoa, Amoeba, Metazoa, Parazoa. These are single called creatures. They are also micro sized creatures. The reproduction of bacteria occurs by the method of division only i.e. One will divide into two and so on. Bacteria or microbes are of four type
Cocas which is round in shape.
Bacillus-long rod shaped.
Spirylium-snake type
Wibro-which is of ‘coma’ shape.
In the process of converting into bacteria from the vegetation, after getting the above mentioned sizes they start getting the aggression of mind. Which ever shape comes to them first, they start taking up a physique of that shape. Slowly, they started developing different systems of the body like respiratory system, digestive system, and brain the formidable will power of a life causes these developments. They start developing different sensory organs, heart and kidney etc. first bicycle then TV, the car, then aeroplane, then jets were invented. Like that the germs (or microbes) have reached this stage (human being) by gradually developing their internal capacities. More improvement is coming up by it, both internally and externally. By the help of strong will power and with the effort generated by it, molecules with continuous improvement of themselves will attain the ‘divine power’ one day. Human race is the most improved and purified creature of today. One day, a better pedigree (generation) than this will be created. After reincarnation a human being is born as a human being only. The meanest of the human being may possibly be born as an animal in the next birth. What ever development is there till today, is the result of the efforts and collective will power of the atoms and germs of infinity members. That is why it is sad “What ever is done, is done by the Almighty because that collective will power is the ‘will’ of the Almighty only.”

Answer 1

are you asking a question here or are you trying to preach. well i don't deny the presence of God and i am quite a religious man. but i think it was quite a absurd way to manupilate the facts as you did. u have combined the holistic approach and the scientific approach to arrive at a pseudo conclusion. why are u using that -ve ion and positive ion theory. in fact if you look at the sperm, u will find thatit is nothing but a single strand of DNA with few protiens and yeah proteins are postively charged ions but the same protein are present in ovum too and infact in larger quantity than in sperm,, so the ovum is bound to be more positively charged, if we go by your hypothesis.

better u correct your facts before you post.

P.S: i would have answered longer still and would have posted thousands of doubt in your question if i would have time and patience to go through your question completely. but unfortunately i don't think it's worth my time to waste my energy on such a stupid question.
you are making the mockery of GOD as well as science

Answer 2

Yes. (To the last question.) Except no, because clearly the people who preach this doctrine haven't truly explored the self-contradiction. There's no point in trying to argue against their beliefs from within the framework of their beliefs, because sooner or later, our arguments get trapped in the logical fallacies as well. The only solution is to conclude, rightfully, that what they believe is false. Not necessarily the existence of God or gods, but that their notion of how that plays out is false. Once we abandon that, we're free to explore the god/gods dilemma without the distraction of their conflicted morality. Much like the great philosophers did. Although I have trouble reading them, because sooner or later, I feel like my head is going to spin off. Unless I have some rum and Coke with my book. But then I don't feel much like reading. :)

Answer 3

Man, I read about half, and started to snooze. I don't know what your point is here. What is cloning, well you've answered that haven't you. God is still in control in the way that He's given the knowledge to us to learn from. Either we do good with it and prosper, or do wrong with it and suffer the consequences. Let's all hope that evil minds don't come into contact with it.

Answer 4

hey go here
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning

There is no role of god in this.............................

Answer 5

Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original organism or thing. A cloning in the biological sense, therefore, is a molecule, single cell (like bacteria, lymphocytes etc.) or multi-cellular organism that has been directly copied from and is therefore genetically identical to another living organism. Sometimes this term can refer to "natural" clones made either when an organism asexual reproduced by chance (as with identical twins), but in common parlance, a clone is an identical copy created intentionally.

The term clone is derived from κλων, the Greek word for "twig". In horticulture, the spelling clon was used until the twentieth century; the final e came into use to indicate the vowel is a "long o" instead of a "short o". Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively.

Molecular cloning

Main article: clone (genetics)

Molecular cloning refers to the procedure isolating a DNA sequence of interest and obtaining multiple copies of it in an organism. Cloning is frequently employed to amplify DNA fragments containing genes, an essential step in their subsequent analysis. Frequently, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest. In practice, localisation of the gene does not always enable one to amplify the relevant genomic sequence.

Cloning of any DNA sequence involves the following four steps: amplification, ligation, transfection, and screening/selection. Initially, the DNA fragment of interest needs to be amplified (many copies need to be produced). Amplification is commonly achieved by means of PCR. Subsequently, a ligation procedure is employed whereby the amplified fragment is inserted into a vector. The vector (which is frequently circular) is linearised by means of restriction enzymes, and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions that allow for ligation. The yield of the ligation is typically low and depends on the procedure employed. Following ligation the vector with the insert of interest is transfected to cells. Most commonly electroporation is employed, although a number of alternative techniques are available, such as chemical sensitivation of cells. Finally, the transfected cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low yield, there is the need to identify the cell colonies that have been transfected with the construct of interest containing the desired insertion sequence. Modern cloning vectors include selectable antibiotic resistance markers, which allow only for cells in which the vector has been transfected to grow. However this selection step does not guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the vector. Further investigation of the resulting colonies is required to confirm that cloning was successful. This can be accomplished by means of blue/white screening (α-factor complimentation) on X-gal medium and/or PCR, possibly followed by DNA sequencing.

[edit] Genetic cloning

Cloning a cell means to derive a (clonal) population of cells from a single cell. This is an important in vitro procedure when the expansion of a single cell with certain characteristics is desired, for example in the production of gene-targeted ES cells. Most individuals began as a single cell and are therefore the result of clonal expansion in vivo.

[edit] Organism

Main article: Asexual reproduction

Cloning means to create a new organism with the same genetic information as a cell from an existing one(identical). It is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction (also known as agamogenesis) is a form of reproduction which does not involve meiosis, gamete formation, or fertilization. In laymen's terms, there is only one "parent" involved. This form of reproduction is common among simple organisms such as amoeba and other single-celled organisms, although most plants reproduce asexually as well (see vegetative reproduction).

[edit] Horticultural

The term clone is used in horticulture to mean all descendants of a single plant, produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis. Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction. As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia. Other examples are potato and banana. Grafting can be regarded as cloning, since all the shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, although the root systems may be genetically genuine examples of cloning in the broader biological sense, as they create genetically identical organisms by biological means, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under ethical scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation.

Many trees, shrubs, vines, ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies. Parts of a large clonal colony often become detached from the parent, termed fragmentation, to form separate individuals. Some plants also form seeds asexually, termed apomixis, e.g. dandelion.

[edit] Animals

Cloning exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as parthenogenesis. An example is the "Little Fire Ant" (Wasmannia auropunctata), which is native to Central and South America but has spread throughout many tropical environments.[1]

[edit] Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly the sheep, was created by reproductive cloning technology. In a process called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT), scientists transfer genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, has been removed. The reconstructed egg containing the DNA from a donor cell must be treated with chemicals or electric current in order to stimulate cell division. Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is transferred to the uterus of a female host where it continues to develop until birth.

Dolly or any other animal created using nuclear transfer technology is not truly an identical clone of the donor animal. Only the clone's chromosomal or nuclear DNA is the same as the donor. Some of the clone's genetic materials come from the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the enucleated egg. Mitochondria, which are organelles that serve as power sources to the cell, contain their own short segments of DNA, although this is only 0.01% of the total DNA. Acquired mutations in mitochondrial DNA are believed to play an important role in the aging process.

Also mutations occur with every cell division so no two cells in an individual are identical, nor are clones. Thus, nuclear transfer clones from different maternal lineages are not clones in the strictest sense because the mitochondrial genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced. This may have important implications for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to inviability.

[edit] Species cloned

The modern cloning techniques involving nuclear transfer have been successfully performed on several species. Landmark experiments in chronological order:

* Tadpole: (1952) Many scientists questioned whether cloning had actually occurred and unpublished experiments by other labs were not able to reproduce the reported results.
* Carp: (1963) In China, embryologist Tong Dizhou cloned a fish. He published the findings in an obscure Chinese science journal which was never translated into English.[2]
* Mice: (1986) was the first successfully cloned mammal; Soviet scientists Chaylakhyan, Veprencev, Sviridova, Nikitin had mice "Masha" cloned. Research was published in the magazine "Biofizika" volume ХХХII, issue 5 of 1987.[3]
* Sheep: (1996) From early embryonic cells by Steen Willadsen. Megan and Morag cloned from differentiated embryonic cells in June 1995 and Dolly the sheep in 1997.
* Rhesus Monkey: Tetra (female, January 2000) from embryo splitting
* Cattle: Alpha and Beta (males, 2001) and (2005) Brazil[4]
* Cat: CopyCat "CC" (female, late 2001), Little Nicky, 2004, was the first cat cloned for commercial reasons
* Mule: Idaho Gem, a john mule born 2003-05-04, was the first horse-family clone.
* Horse: Prometea, a Halflinger female born 2003-05-28, was the first horse clone.

For a complete list see: List of animals that have been cloned. During the first several divisions of a fertilized egg, no differentiation occurs and the cells can be separated without harm, but each will grow into an identical individual. This process has been used on cattle for decades to produce hundreds of identical individuals in some cases. This process is not considered cloning, but is called budding. The new individual is not derived from a differentiated cell, but from an undifferentiated egg. There is no way to determine which are the clones and which is the original.

[edit] Health aspects

The success rate of cloning has been low: Dolly the sheep was born after 277 eggs were used to create 29 embryos, which only produced three lambs at birth, only one of which lived, Dolly. Seventy calves have been created from 9,000 attempts and one third of them died young; Prometea took 328 attempts, and, more recently, Paris Texas was created after 400 attempts. Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell.

There were early claims that Dolly the Sheep had accelerated aging. Aging of this type is thought to be due to shortening of telomeres, regions at the tips of chromosomes which prevent genetic threads fraying every time a cell divides. Over time telomeres get worn down until cell-division is no longer possible — this is thought to be a cause of aging. However, subsequent studies showed that, if anything, Dolly's telomere were longer than normal.[verification needed] Dolly died in the year of 2003. Ian Wilmut said that Dolly's early death had nothing to do with cloning but with a respiratory infection common to lambs raised indoors like Dolly.

Consistent with Dolly's telomeres being longer, analysis of the telomeres from cloned cows showed that they were also longer. This suggests clones could live longer life spans although many died young after excessive growth. Researchers think that this could eventually be developed to reverse aging in humans, provided that this is based chiefly on the shortening of telomeres. Although some work has been performed on telomeres and aging in nuclear transfer clones, the evidence is at an early stage. [5]

[edit] Dolly the Sheep
Dolly and her first-born lamb, Bonnie
Enlarge
Dolly and her first-born lamb, Bonnie

Main article: Dolly the Sheep

Dolly (1996-07-05 – 2003-02-14), an ewe, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell (while the mice in USSR was cloned from embryo cell back in 1986[1]). She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland and lived there until her death when she was 6. Her birth was announced on 1997-02-22.

The name "Dolly" came from a suggestion by Jesse Haase who helped with her birth, in honor of Dolly Parton, because it was a mammary cell that was cloned. The technique that was made famous by her birth is somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which a non-reproductive cell containing a nucleus is placed in a de-nucleated ovum (which then develops into a fetus). When Dolly was cloned in 1996 from a cell taken from a six-year-old ewe, she became the center of much controversy that still exists today.

Dolly's success is truly remarkable because it proved that the genetic material from a specialized adult cell, such as an udder cell programmed to express only those genes needed by udder cells, could be reprogrammed to generate an entire new organism. Before this demonstration, scientists believed that once a cell became specialized as a liver, heart, udder, bone, or any other type of cell, the change was permanent and other unneeded genes in the cell would become inactive. Some scientists believe that errors or incompleteness in the reprogramming process cause the high rates of death, deformity, and disability observed among animal clones.

On 2003-04-09 her stuffed remains were placed at Edinburgh's Royal Museum, part of the National Museums of Scotland.

Ian Wilmut's role in cloning Dolly the sheep is in doubt. In 2006 he admitted under oath in a Scottish court that he did not clone Dolly the Sheep and was not responsible for the scientific breakthrough which made it all possible. [2] He credited Keith Campbell as being the brains behind Dolly the Sheep.

In August 2006, Iranian scientists oversaw the birth of the Middle East’s first cloned animal – a lamb that died minutes after it was born. However, in September 2006, Iranian scientists successfully cloned a sheep, by somatic cell nuclear transfer, at the Royan research institute in Isfahan, Iran’s second cloned lamb is still alive. [3]

[edit] Human cloning

Main article: Human cloning

Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing, or previously existing human, by growing cloned tissue from that individual. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning occurring during the natural process of reproduction.

Human cloning is amongst the most controversial forms of the practice. There have been numerous demands for all progress in the human cloning fields to be halted. One of the most ethically questionable problems with human cloning is farming of organs from clones. For example, many believe it is unethical to use a human clone to save the life of another. In this scenario, the cloned human would be euthanized so that the vital organs could be harvested. This process of renewing the body's organs would potentially increase the life expectancy of a human by 50 years.

The cloning described above is reproductive cloning, not to be confused with research cloning in which only parts (such as an organ) are cloned using genetic material from a patient's tissues.

[edit] Ethical issues of human cloning

See also: Christian views on cloning

Roman Catholicism and many conservative Christian groups have opposed human cloning and the cloning of human embryos, believing that a human life begins the moment a human egg becomes fertilized. Other Christian denominations such as the United Church of Christ do not believe a fertilized egg constitutes a living being, but still they oppose the cloning of embryonic cells. The World Council of Churches, representing nearly 400 denominations worldwide, opposed cloning of both human embryos and whole humans in February 2006. The United Methodist Church opposed research and reproductive cloning in May 2000 and again in May 2004.

Libertarian views on the subject suggest that the federal government of the United States does not have the power to regulate cloning, as it is not given any such authority by the US constitution. (Similar to abortion rights.)

At present, the main objection to human cloning is that the cloned individual may be biologically damaged, due to the inherent unreliability of its origin: researchers currently are unable to safely and reliably clone non-human primates.

However, many believe that as cloning research and methods improve, concerns of safety and reliability will no longer be an issue. However, it must be pointed out that this has yet to occur, and may never occur. Rudolph Jaenisch, a professor at Harvard, has pointed out that we have become more efficient at producing clones which are still defective (Development Dynamics. Volume 235, pages 2460-2469. 2006). Other arguments against cloning come from various religious orders (believing cloning violates God's will or the natural order of life), and a general discomfort some have with the idea of "meddling" with the creation and basic function of life. This unease often manifests itself in contemporary novels, movies, and popular culture, much like numerous other scientific discoveries and inventions before. Various fictional scenarios portray clones being unhappy, soulless, or unable to integrate into society. Furthermore, clones are often depicted not as unique individuals but as "spare parts," providing organs for the clone's original (or any non-clone that requires replacement organs).

Needless to say, cloning is a poignant and important topic, reflected by its frequent discussion and debate among politicians, scientists, the media, religions, and the general public.

[edit] Cloning extinct and endangered species

Cloning, or more precisely, the reconstruction of functional DNA from extinct species has, for decades, been a dream of some scientists. The possible implications of this were dramatized in the best-selling novel by Michael Crichton and high budget Hollywood thriller Jurassic Park. In real life, one of the most anticipated targets for cloning was once the Woolly mammoth, but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, though a joint Russo-Japanese team is currently working toward this goal.[6]

In 2000, a cow named dendi Bessie gave birth to a cloned Asian gaur, an endangered species, but the calf died after two days. In 2003, a banteng was successfully cloned, followed by three African wildcats from a thawed frozen embryo. These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another species) might be used to clone extinct species. Anticipating this possibility, tissue samples from the last bucardo (Pyrenean Ibex) were frozen immediately after it died. Researchers are also considering cloning endangered species such as the giant panda, ocelot, and cheetah. The "Frozen Zoo" at the San Diego Zoo now stores frozen tissue from the world's rarest and most endangered species.[7][8]

In 2002, geneticists at the Australian Museum announced that they had replicated DNA of the Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger), extinct about 65 years previous, using polymerase chain reaction.[9] However, on 2005-02-15 the museum announced that it was stopping the project after tests showed the specimens' DNA had been too badly degraded by the (ethanol) preservative. Most recently, on 2005-05-15, it was announced that the Thylacine project would be revived, with new participation from researchers in New South Wales and Victoria.

One of the continuing obstacles in the attempt to clone extinct species is the need for nearly perfect DNA. Cloning from a single specimen could not create a viable breeding population in sexually reproducing animals. Furthermore, even if males and females were cloned, the question would remain open if they would be viable at all in the absence of parents that could teach or show them natural behavior. Essentially, if cloning an extinct species succeeded — it must be considered that cloning still is an experimental technology that succeeds only by chance — it is far more likely than not that any resulting animals, even if they were healthy, would be little more than curios or museum pieces.

Cloning endangered species is a highly ideological issue. Many conservation biologists and environmentalists vehemently oppose cloning endangered species — not because they think it won't work but because they think it may deter donations to help preserve natural habitat and wild animal populations. The "rule-of-thumb" in animal conservation is that, if it is still feasible to conserve habitat and viable wild populations, breeding in captivity should not be undertaken in isolation.

In a 2006 review, David Ehrenfeld concludes that cloning in animal conservation is an experimental technology that, at its present state, cannot be expected to work except by pure chance and utterly fails a cost-benefit analysis.[10] Furthermore, he says, it is likely to siphon funds from established and working projects and does not address any of the issues underlying animal extinction (such as habitat destruction, hunting or other overexploitation, and an impoverished gene pool). While cloning technologies are well-established and used on a regular basis in plant conservation, care must be taken to ensure genetic diversity. He concludes:

Cloning
Vertebrate cloning poses little risk to the environment, but it can consume scarce conservation resources, and its chances of success in preserving species seem poor. To date, the conservation benefits of transgenics and vertebrate cloning remain entirely theoretical, but many of the risks are known and documented. Conservation biologists should devote their research and energies to the established methods of conservation, none of which require transgenics or vertebrate cloning.[10]

Cloning

[edit] Embryo

Main article: Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Somatic cell nuclear transfer can also be used to create a clonal embryo. The most likely scenario for this is to produce embryos for use in research, particularly stem cell research. This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning."

Therapeutic cloning, also called "embryo cloning," is the production of human embryos for use in research. The goal of this process is not to create cloned human beings, but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease. Stem cells are important to biomedical researchers because they can be used to generate virtually any type of specialized cell in the human body. Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it has divided for 5 days. The egg at this stage of development is called a blastocyst. The extraction process destroys the embryo, which raises a variety of ethical concerns. Many researchers hope that one day stem cells can be used to serve as replacement cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases.

Scientists believe that cloning may be used to create stem cells genetically compatible with the somatic cell donor. Cloning in stem cell research, called research cloning or therapeutic cloning, has not yet been successful: no embryonic stem cell lines have been derived from clonal embryos. The process might provide a way to grow organs in host carrier, which become completely compatible with the original. Host carrier growing poses a risk of trans-species diseases if the host is of a different species (e.g., a pig).

In human beings, this is a highly controversial issue for several reasons. It involves creating human embryos in vitro and then destroying them, attempting to obtain embryonic stem cells. But proposals to use cloning techniques in human stem cell research raise a set of concerns beyond the moral status of the embryo. These have led a number of individuals and organizations who are not opposed to human embryonic stem cell research to be concerned about, or opposed to, human research cloning. One concern is that cloning in human stem cell research will lead to the reproductive cloning of humans. A second concern is the appropriate sourcing of the eggs that are needed. Research cloning requires a large number of human eggs, which can only be obtained from women. A third concern is the feasibility of developing stem cell therapies from cloning.

In November 2001, scientists from Advanced Cell Technologies (ACT), a biotechnology company in Massachusetts, announced that they had cloned the first human embryos for the purpose of advancing therapeutic research. To do this, they collected eggs from women's ovaries and then removed the genetic material from these eggs with a needle less than 2/10,000th of an inch wide. A skin cell was inserted inside the enucleated egg to serve as a new nucleus. The egg began to divide after it was stimulated with a chemical called ionomycin. The results were limited in success. Although this process was carried out with eight eggs, only three began dividing, and only one was able to divide into six cells before stopping.