what is chloride shift?

Question

it is also called as hamburgurs phenominon.i want a precise answers.

Answer 1

chloride shift:
n.
The movement of chloride ions from the plasma into red blood cells as a result of the transfer of carbon dioxide from tissues to the plasma, a process that serves to maintain blood pH.

Bicarbonate and chloride ions are transported across the red blood cell membrane in opposite directions by the bicarbonate-chloride carrier protein.
The chloride shift is extremely rapid, occurring within 1 second.
The chloride shift results in the chloride content of venous blood being greater than that of arterial blood.

(The effect of carbon dioxide in the blood:
Haemoglobin can also bind carbon dioxide, but to a lesser extent. Carbaminohaemoglobin forms. Some carbon dioxide is carried in this form to the lungs from respiring tissues.

The presence of carbon dioxide helps the release of oxygen from haemoglobin, this is known as the Bohr effect. This can be seen by comparing the oxygen dissociation curves when there is less carbon dioxide present and when there is more carbon dioxide in the blood.



When carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood plasma and then into the red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the presence of the catalyst carbonic anhydrase most CO2 reacts with water in the erythrocytes and the following dynamic equilibrium is established

H2O + CO2 H2CO3

Carbonic acid, H2CO3, dissociates to form hydrogen ions and hydrogencarbonate ions. This is also a reversible reaction and undissociated carbonic acid, hydrogen ions and hydrogencarbonate ions exist in dynamic equilibrium with one another

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Inside the erythrocytes negatively charged HCO3- ions diffuse from the cytoplasm to the plasma. This is balanced by diffusion of chloride ions, Cl-, in the opposite direction, maintaining the balance of negative and positive ions either side. This is called the 'chloride shift'.

The dissociation of carbonic acid increases the acidity of the blood (decreases its pH). Hydrogen ions, H+, then react with oxyhaemoglobin to release bound oxygen and reduce the acidity of the blood. This buffering action allows large quantities of carbonic acid to be carried in the blood without major changes in blood pH.

Hb.4O2 + H+ HHb+ + 4O2

(Hb.4O2 is sometimes written HbO8.)

It is this reversible reaction that accounts for the Bohr effect. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration and its concentration is high in the respiring cell and so it is here that haemoglobin releases oxygen.


Now the haemoglobin is strongly attracted to carbon dioxide molecules. Carbon dioxide is removed to reduce its concentration in the cell and is transported to the lungs were its concentration is lower. This process is continuous since the oxygen concentration is always higher than the carbon dioxide concentration in the lungs. The opposite is true in respiring cells. )

Answer 2

Chloride Shift

Answer 3

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The exchange of hydrogen carbonate ions for chloride ions in red blood cells flushes the hydrogen carbonate ions from the blood and increases the rate of gas exchange. The chloride shift may also regulate the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen through the chloride ion acting as an allosteric effector.

Answer 4

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RE:
what is chloride shift?
it is also called as hamburgurs phenominon.i want a precise answers.

Answer 5

carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissue cells and enters the tissue capillaries.the diffused CO2 in red blood cells combine with H2O to form carbonic acid.In a fraction of second this H2CO3 dissociates to H+ and HCO3-
H+ combines with Hb to form HbH+
HCO3- enters d plasma. in order to maintain d neutrality CI- from plasma enters d red blood cell in d presence of bicarbonate- chloride carrier protien.
This protien is present in d red cell membrane that shuttles these 2 ions in d opposite directions at rapid velocities
Thus d chloride content of venous red blood cells is greater than that of arterial blood cell, a phenomenon called chloride shift or Hambergers phenomenon.

Answer 6

Two answers with results 203% which does not seem reasonable or possible - and two at 95.... % which seems better: Check which is correct: Equation: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 1 mol Mg produces 1 mol MgCl2 Molar mass Mg = 24.305g 3.304g Mg = 3.304/24.305 = 0.1359 mol Mg This will produce 0.1395 mol MgCl2 Molar mass MgCl2 = 95.21g/mol 0.1359 mol = 0.1359*95.21 = 12.94g MgCl2 is the theoretical production. But you claim to have produced 26.3g - I think grams - you do not specify So the % yield is 26.3/12.94*100 = 203% The impossible answer is correct according to the figures provided. What is wrong with the question? Well, nothing wrong it appears - the 95% answerers were smart enough to consider the hydrated salt. Good Thinking!! But in fairness I think that the question should have indicated that the product was the hexahydrate.

Answer 7

Carbon dioxide produced in the tissue cells diffuses into the blood plasma. The largest fraction of carbon dioxide diffuses into the red blood cells. The carbon dioxide in the red blood cells is transported as: dissolved CO2, combined with hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate,(largest fraction).

The formation of bicarbonate ions, (HCO3- ) takes place by the following reactions:

Hydration of CO2: CO2 + HOH === H2CO3
Dissociation of H2CO3: H2CO3 === H+ + HCO3-

The H2CO3/HCO3- combination acts as the primary buffer of the blood. The hydration of carbon dioxide is a slow process but occurs rapidly in the red blood cells because a high concentration of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction.

Bicarbonate diffuses out of the red blood cells into the plasma in venous blood and visa versa in arterial blood. Chloride ion always diffuses in an opposite direction of bicarbonate ion in order to maintain a charge balance. This is referred to as the "chloride shift".

The changes in concentration of CO2 or HCO3- ion can influence slight pH changes in the blood even though it is buffered. At the same time the concentration of H+ ions will influence the concentrations of CO2 and HCO3- ions.

Answer 8

The movement of chloride ions from the plasma into red blood cells as a result of the transfer of carbon dioxide from tissues to the plasma, a process that serves to maintain blood pH

Answer 9

The chloride shift may facilitate oxygen loading and unloading to/from the hemoglobin from the brown bear


the oxygen binding properties of hemolyzed bear blood were studied in 0.1 M Tris and 0.1 M Hepes buffer with respect to the possible effects of temperature, pH, pCO2, 2,3-DPG, and chloride ions. 2. There was a significant Bohr shift with a Bohr factor (delta log P50/delta pH) of the magnitude of -0.5. The temperature sensitivity expressed by the apparent heat of oxygenation minus the heat of oxygen in solution was about -8.1 kcal/mol at pH 7.4. 3. Chloride ions decreased the oxygen affinity in the concentration range 50-200 mM, and there was a marked increase in the co-operativity of oxygenation up to a chloride concentration of about 200 mM. 4. There were no effects of pCO2 and 2,3-DPG in the presence of 200 mM Cl-, while in the absence of Cl-, 2,3-DPG had the same effect as 200 mM Cl- at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4. 5. Our results suggests at least two different binding sites for the chloride ion, one high affinity site which may also bind 2,3-DPG in the absence of chloride, and one or more low affinity sites, which only binds chloride. 6. The results further show, that a chloride shift of about 33 mM may account for as much as a 40% increase in O2 unloading, without taking into account the additional effect of the Bohr shift.

Answer 10

Hamburgers=dead animals