what kind of sedimentary rocks are formed when sediments are deposited in layers at the bottome of lakes/ocean

Answer 1

Siliclastic sediments, probably siltstones, shales or mudstones.

Answer 2

The major areas for deposition of sediments in the marine environment include:

Littoral sands (e.g. beach sands, coastal bars and spits, largely clastic with little faunal content)

The continental shelf (silty clays, increasing marine faunal content).

in case of lakes the enviormnet is a bit differeent....its a satgnent water movement and shalloow depth enviorment that cause the grain size to differ from that of ocean.

The shelf margin (low terrigenous supply, mostly calcareous faunal skeletons)

The shelf slope (much more fine-grained silts and clays)
Beds of estuaries with the resultant deposits called "bay mud".

One other depositional environment which is a mixture of fluvial and marine is the turbidite system, which is a major source of sediment to the deep sedimentary and abyssal basins as well as the deep oceanic trenches.

Answer 3

It depends on the nature of the sediment being deposited. If the sediment is sand, it may become sandstone. If it is fine silt it may become mudstone or shale or something similar. If the sediment is primarily the calcareous shells of microscopic organisms, that sediment may become limestone.

Answer 4

Fine clay sediments which altenate in layers called VARVES. Do a search on this word.