History Revisited?

Question

Hi everyone,
What are your thoughts on the following questions!!!!!
1. Who / Where was Chess invented?
2. Who / Where were numericals invented?
3. Who invented the number ZERO?
4. What is the oldest civilization in the world which we have proof
of?

Answer 1

Chess was invented in India around 500 or 600 AD.

The "Ishango Bone" is 20,000 years old and is believed to represent numbers, but not everybody agrees.

Numerical notation of one sort or another goes back at least as far as writing, say 3000 BC in Sumeria. It was well developed in the famous "Linear B" tablets of Minoan Crete, circa 1500 BC, which recorded tax payments. Decimal digits and zero were invented in India around 600 AD, and brought into Europe by the Arabs.

Catal Huyuk, in Anatolia in Turkey, seems to have been a city with a population of about 10,000. It is dated to approximately 7000 BC.

Answer 2

1 - Many countries claim to have invented chess in some incipient form. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India, since the Arabic, Persian, Greek, Portuguese and Spanish words for chess are all derived from the Sanskrit game Chaturanga. In addition, in the past only India had all three animals, horse, camel and elephant, in its cavalry, which represent knight, bishop and rook in chess.

Another theory exists that chess arose from the similar game of Xiangqi (Chinese chess), or at least a predecessor thereof, existing in China since the 2nd century BC.
2 - The numerals arose in India between 400 BCE and 400 CE.They were transmitted first to West Asia, where they find mention in the 9th century CE, and eventually to Europe in the 10th century CE. Since knowledge of the numerals reached Europe through the work of Arab mathematicians and astronomers, the numerals came to be called "Arabic numerals." In Arabic language itself, the Eastern Arabic numerals are called "Indian numerals," أرقام هندية, (arqam hindiyyah) and a different set of symbols are used as numerals.
3 - The late Olmec people of south-central Mexico began to use a true zero (a shell glyph) in the New World possibly by the 4th century BC but certainly by 40 BC, which became an integral part of Maya numerals and the Maya calendar, but did not influence Old World numeral systems. By 130, Ptolemy, influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians, was using a symbol for zero (a small circle with a long overbar) within a sexagesimal numeral system otherwise using alphabetic Greek numerals. Because it was used alone, not as just a placeholder, this Hellenistic zero was the first documented use of a true zero in the Old World.
4 - The Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer is officially believed to be the oldest known civilazation and to have begun around 4000-3500 BC, although some claim it ended at 2334 BC.

Answer 3

1. Probably China or India, in its current form, Germany or Egypt
2. The Arabs
3. The Arabs
4. China, though it depends on what you mean by civilization

Answer 4

1. China
2. China
3. Egypt
4. China