¨How did China come under foreign control in the thirteenth century?

Question

i prefer long answers i'll understand more....
thank you!...........

Answer 1

The Mongol leader who came to be known as Genghis Khan invaded a divided China successfully.

This for example from http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm :-

Genghis acted on his mandate as the rightful ruler of the entire world and attacked the rulers of farmers and herders in northwestern China, the Tangut, who had much in goods like the Uighur Khan. In warriors the Mongols were outnumbered two to one, and they had to learn a new kind of warfare, against fortified cities, including cutting supply lines and diverting rivers. Genghis Khan and his army were victorious, and in 1210 Genghis won from the Tangut recognition as overlord.

Also in 1210, the Ruzhen, who ruled that part of northern China that included Beijing, sent a delegation to Genghis Khan demanding Mongol submission as vassals. The Ruzhen (Jin) controlled the flow of goods along the Silk Road, and defying them meant a lack of access to those goods. Genghis Khan and the Mongols discussed the matter and chose war. Genghis, according to the scholar Jack Weatherford, prayed alone on a mountain, bowing down and stating his case to "his supernatural guardians," describing the grievances, the tortures and killings that generations of his people had suffered at the hands of the Ruzhen. And he pleaded that he had not sought war against the Ruzhen and had not initiated the quarrel. NOTE

Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, by Jack Weatherford, p. 83. In 1211, Genghis Khan and his army attacked. The Ruzhen had a large and effective army but they were hard pressed by both the Mongols and by a border war with the Tangut. They were also under attacked by Chinese from south of the Yangzi River, the Southern Song emperor wishing to take advantage of the Ruzhen-Mongol conflict to liberate northern China. But the Ruzhen drove the Chinese armies into retreat.

The Mongols were benefiting from China having failed during the previous century to make itself a strong military power. They benefited too from the Ruzhen ruling conquered people. The Mongols used divide and conquer tactics, using benevolence toward those who sided with them and terror and bloodshed against those who did not. They ravaged the countryside, gathering information and booty and driving populations in front of them, clogging the roads and trapping the Ruzhen within their cities, where the Ruzhen were subject to revolts. They used conscripted labor in attacking cities and in operating their newly acquired Chinese siege engines. The Mongols had an advantage in diet, which included a lot of meat, milk and yogurt, and they could miss a day or two of eating better than Ruzhen soldiers, who ate grains. Genghis Khan and his army overran Beijing and pushed into the heartland of northern China. Military success helped as people acquired the impression that Genghis Khan had the Mandate of Heaven and that fighting against him was fighting heaven itself.

The Ruzhen emperor recognized Mongol authority and agreed to pay tribute, and, after six years of fighting, Genghis Khan returned to Mongolia, leaving one of his best generals in charge of Mongol positions opposite the Ruzhen. Returning with Genghis Khan and his Mongols were engineers who had become a permanent part of their army, and there were captive musicians, translators, doctors and scribes, camels and wagonloads of goods. Among the goods were silk, including silken rope, cushions, blankets, robes, rugs, wall hangings, porcelain, iron kettles, armor, perfumes, jewelry, wine, honey, medicines, bronze, silver and gold, and much else. And goods from China would now come in a steady flow.