what were the four goals of progressivism? why did prohibition movement appeal to so many women?

Question

what contribution did muckrakers make to the reform movement? how did city government change during the progressive era? why did reformers seek to end child labor? what was the resul to the supreme court case muller vs. oregon? how did the seventeenth amendment change elections in the united states? what kinds of job opportunities prompted more woment o complete high school? what social and economic effects did higher education have on women? what was the three part strategy for gaining rhe right to vote? how did upton sinclaire's book 'the jungle' change the meatpacking industry in the US?what was the responsibility and the duty of the president, according to theodore roosevelt? how did roosevelt feel about trusts in the US? what was important about the way the 1902 coal strike was settled? what similarities did the meat inspection act and pure food and drug act share? what measures did roosevelt take to conserve america's land and resources in the US?

Answer 1

I.New Reform Ideas

a. Progressive Era, 1890-1920
b. during the period a variety of reformers worked to make progress in society
ba. not all people agreed on goals or methods
c. unlike Populism, the Progressive movement was a predominately urban, middle-class movement
d. progressivism changed the way people viewed the role of the government
e. the ideology of progressivism mixed a liberal concern for the poor with a conservative wish to control social disorder
f. journalist and writers helped provide the catalyst for the progressive movement
fa. Henry George -1879 Progress and Poverty advocated a single land tax
fb. Edward Bellamy-1888 Looking Backward advocated nationalizing industry
g. in reaction to Henry George’s ideas single tax clubs sprang up all over the U.S.
h. in 1894 club member from OH.,MN.,and PA. migrated to Fairhope AL. and formed a single tax colony
i. Socialism- favors public or government control of property and income
ia. 1901 Socialist Party of America
ib. by 1912 they had won over 1000 municipal elections
j. labor leaders wanted to reduce working hours and get better wages and working conditions
ja. business leaders used injunctions against unions to prevent strikes
k. municipal reformers wanted a civil service system for city employees and home rule
ka. Alabama note: Alabama cities have only limited home rule now

II.The Muckrakers

a. derisive term used by Teddy Roosevelt to describe reformers (from Pilgrim’s Progress)
aa. writers who informed the public about the abuses of business
ab. Roosevelt's main criticism of the muckrakers was that they were better at exposing problems than at offering solutions
b. 3 Famous Muckrakers
ba. Lincoln Steffens
in his series of articles entitled "The Shame of the Cities“ exposed the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government in St. Louis
bb. Ida Tarbell
wrote of the predatory practices of John D Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust
bc. Upton Sinclair
wrote about the meat industry in The Jungle
The Jungle helped lead to passage of legislation requiring Federal inspection of meat

bca. Jungle excerpt:
It was stuff such as this that had made the embalmed beef that had killed several times as many U.S. soldiers as all the bullets of the Spaniards [in the Spanish American War]

III.The Goals of the Progressives

a. Progressive thought government should play a larger role in regulating economic activity
b. most Progressives wanted the government to intervene to stop unfair business practices
ba. however they opposed government control of business except for essential services (water electricity, sanitation etc.)
c. Progressives believed that government should take more responsibility for human welfare and should develop more social welfare programs
d. Florence Kelly worked to end child labor and improve working conditions for women
e. Jane Addams opened Hull House to supply services to urban poor, help her neighbors,and to create meaningful work opportunities for educated women


Chapter 9 Section 2 [p.p. 291-295] Progressive Legislation

I. Urban Reforms

a. progressives supported reforms that attacked political machines and bosses
aa. most urban working people opposed the actions of the progressives against the party machines because the machines were a source of jobs and services
b. progressives supported city take over of utilities
ba. by 1915 two out of three cities have some form of city owned utilities
c. city supported social welfare programs

II.State Reforms

a. an important political aim of the Progressive movement was to stimulate democratic reforms such as the initiative, the referendum, and recall
aa. the initiative, referendum, recall, and direct primary are all intended to increase citizens' control over state and local governments
b. primary elections allow voters to select nominees for upcoming elections
c. the 17th Amendment provided for the direct election of Senators
ca. before the 17th Amendment, Senators were chosen by state legislatures
d. Robert La Follette was elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900
da. because of his unwillingness to compromise on principle, he earned the nickname"Fighting Bob"
db. employed the academic staff of the University of Wisconsin to draft bills and administer the laws that he introduced
dc. these reforms became known as the Wisconsin Idea
dd. The Wisconsin Idea set up a state railroad commission, established the nations first state income tax, placed legal limits on lobbying
e. John Dewey's theories on "progressive education" advocated:
1. children learn best by doing
2. school's developing a student's social outlook
3. rote memorization was an ineffective way of earning
4. students should be encouraged to work on group projects
f. March 25, 1911 fire broke out on the eighth floor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company
fa. many of the doors were locked, preventing escape
fb. 146 people died
fc. reformers asked the city to appoint fire inspectors, to make fire drills mandatory, and to unlock fire exits
fd. the Triangle Shirtwaist fire showed the need for safer work conditions
fe. by 1920, all but five states had taken steps to make it easier for workers to collect payment for workplace accidents
g. Limiting working hours became an important progressive issue
ga. in Holden v. Hardy (1898), the Supreme Court ruled states [Utah] may limit the number of hours workers are allowed to work in hazardous industries
gb. Lochner v. New York (1905) Supreme Court struck down a law setting maximum hours for bakers
gc. Muller v. Oregon (1908), the Supreme Court upheld an Oregon law that limited women laundry workers to 10 hrs. a day

III.Federal Reforms

a. Theodore Roosevelt spoke of the “criminal rich” and wanted to be known as a “trust buster”
aa. Roosevelt was not anti-business
ab. he did not want to end all trusts
ac. thought good trusts should be tolerated while bad trusts are prevented from manipulating markets
ad. 1890 Sherman antitrust act was passed but not used much until Teddy Roosevelt used it against trusts and holding companies
b. the Hepburn Act (1906) strengthened the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it the power to set maximum rates that railroads could charge
c. Roosevelt helped create the U.S. Forestry Service and enlarge the national park system
ca. Gifford Pinchot made director of U.S. Forestry Service
cb. with respect to government-controlled public lands, Roosevelt generally favored conservation with carefully managed development
d. several new amendments were added to the constitution during the Progressive Era
da. Sixteenth Amendment established income tax
daa. up until 1913 the government used tariffs for its income
dab. this drove up prices for the working poor
dac. progressive income tax is based on the idea that taxpayers with larger incomes should be taxed at a higher rate
db. Seventeenth Amendment provided for the direct election of Senators
dc. Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the sale or possession of alcoholic beverages
dd. Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote
e. as a result of the increasing demands for reform in medicine by the progressives, the medical profession established the American Medical Association, to represent the field as a whole


Chapter 9 Section 3 [p.p. 296-300] Progressive Presidents

I.Taft's Presidency

a. Election 0f 1908
aa. Roosevelt decideds not to run for re-election
aaa. hand picked his Secretary of War, William Howard Taft to be the next Republican presidential nominee
ab. Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan
ac. Taft won
b. Taft pursued 90 antitrust cases and supported many other reforms
c. Taft angered progressives by not reducing tariffs
d. Ballinger-Pinchot affair angered conservationists
da. 1910,Taft’s Secretary of the Interior (Richard Ballinger) allowed several businessmen to obtain resource rich government land in Alaska
db. Forestry Service head Gifford Pinchot protested the sale and Taft fired him
e. Taft saw job not as “bully pulpit” but as an administrative job
f. Taft had a strong record on progressive legislation but he failed to win progressive support


II.The Election of 1912

a. in 1912 he and Teddy Roosevelt fought for the Republican nomination and Taft won
b. Teddy Roosevelt angry that he did not get the Republican nomination formed his own party that championed progressive causes
ba. the Progressive Party took the bull moose as its symbol and is also known as the "Bull Moose" Party
bb. Roosevelt's platform called for federal regulation of business, workplace protection for women and children, voter reforms and income and inheritance taxes
bc. the Progressive Party's vice-presidential candidate was Hiram Johnson
bca. as the governor of California, Hiram Johnson was a leader in establishing workmen's compensation laws
The first casualty when war comes is truth. ~Hiram Johnson
c. the election of 912 was a four way race:
ca. William Howard Taft -Republican
cb. Woodrow Wilson -Democrat
cc. Theodore Roosevelt -Progressive Party
cd. Eugene V. Debs- Socialist
d. Wilson won in 1912 with 42% of the vote
da. the Republican vote was split between Taft and Roosevely
db. the election of 1912 weakened the progressive wing of the Republican party for many years
dc. after his Pres. Taft served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court


III.Wilson's Policies as President

a. Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" and Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" were similar in that both expanded the government's role in regulating businesses and business monopolies
b. 1913, Congress created the federal reserve to regulate the banking system, interest rates, and the amount of money in circulation
ba. created a new currency, the federal reserve note
c. 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act explicitly legalized strikes and peaceful picketing
d. 1914 Congress created the Federal Trade Commission
e. Wilson appointed Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court
f. Wilson won a second term by promising to keep the U.S. out of the War in Europe

IV.The Limits of Progressivism

a. mainly urban reforms
b. little progress in limiting the imperialist policies of the U.S. abroad
ba. many progressives supported imperialism
c. little attention was given to correcting racial injustice

Answer 2

unless people try to progress towards something, then we will never get anywhere. progessivism is the only way that we can change the immoral world that we live in. pacifism is also the way forward in the long run because the more people boycott violence, the less violence we face. plus, it was progressivism that fought for equal rights for women. people thought it was wrong and stupid to begin with, however over the years women have got more rights. would you honestly say that this was a waste of time? nationalism is a bad thing. people need to view the world from an international point of view, there are people starving to death and small children working in sweat shops so that you can buy all of your imperialist items and go around calling yourself american and proud.