The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 51 countries, replacing the League of Nations founded in 1919.
The UN was founded after the end of World War II by the victorious allied powers with the hope that it would act to prevent and intervene in conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible or limited. The organization's structure still reflects in some ways the circumstances of its founding, which has led to calls for reform. The five permanent members of the UN Security Council, each of which has veto power on any UN resolution, are the five main victors of World War II or their successors: People's Republic of China (which replaced the Republic of China), France, Russia (which replaced the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, and the United States.
As of 2006, there exist 192 United Nations member states, including virtually all internationally recognized independent states. From its headquarters in New York City, the UN's member countries and specialized agencies give guidance and decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout each year. The organization is divided into administrative bodies, including the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), as well as counterpart bodies dealing with the governance of all other UN system agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure, and the representative head, is the Secretary-General, currently Kofi Annan. On 13 October 2006, South Korean Foreign Minister Ban Ki-moon was approved by the United Nations General Assembly as the world body's eighth secretary-general and the first Asian to hold the post since 1971. Ban will assume the title on 1 January 2007.
History
The United Nations was founded as a successor to the League of Nations, which was considered by many to have been ineffective in its role as an international governing body, in the sense that it had been unable to prevent World War II. Some argue that the biggest advantage the United Nations has over the League of Nations is the ability to maintain and deploy its member nations' armed forces as peace keepers. Others see such "peace keepers" and "peace keeping" as euphemisms for war and domination of weak and poor countries by the wealthy and powerful nations of the world.[1]
The term "United Nations" (which term appears in stanza 35 of Canto III of Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage) was decided by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill [2] during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in the 1 January 1942 Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with the Axis powers. Thereafter, the Allies used the term "United Nations Fighting Forces" to refer to their alliance.
The idea for the UN was elaborated in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo, and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union met to elaborate the plans at the Dumbarton Oaks Estate in Washington, DC. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership and organs, and arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation.
On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organizations began in San Francisco. In addition to the governments, a number of non-governmental organizations were invited to assist in drafting the charter. The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations two months later on 26 June. Poland had not been represented at the conference, but a place had been reserved for it among the original signatories, and it added its name later. The UN came into existence on 24 October 1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council — Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States — and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.
Initially, the body was known as the United Nations Organization, or UNO. However, by the 1950s, English speakers were referring to it as the United Nations, or the UN.
Membership
As of 2006 there are 192 United Nations member states, including virtually all internationally-recognized independent states. Among the notable absences are the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose seat on the Security Council was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1971; Holy See (administering authority of Vatican City), which has declined membership but is an observer state; the State of Palestine (which is an observer vis-a-vis the Palestinian National Authority); and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), which claims Western Sahara. The most recent addition to the UN is Montenegro, admitted on 28 June 2006.
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2006-10-22 01:38:02
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answer #4
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answered by catzpaw 6
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