There is more genetic variation within a group of chimps living in the same forest in Africa than in the entire human race. We are all Homo sapiens sapiens and are actually quite homogenous compared to other species. This is because during the migration of the earliest humans out of Africa, the population of humans experiences a bottle-neck effect. Our numbers were down to approximately 20, 000 or so. This severly reduced population resulted in the reduced genetic variation we have today.
Humans are hard-wired to recognize differences among our own species, but unfortunately this has resulted in our over-emphasizing these differences. In reality, they are very superficial differences related to adaptations to different environments. If you really look at humans objectively, however, you will notice that we are ridiculously similar compared to other species. Like painting the same house a different color and chanding the roof and door. The structure, is still the same.
2006-10-20 15:15:35
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answer #2
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answered by icarusvx 1
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this is of dogs
Taxonomy
Wild dogs represent a unique lineage within the wolf-like canids. They are the only members of the genus Lycaon, and some taxonomists have placed them in a sub-family, the Simocyoninae, distinct from most of the other canids (Wozencraft 1989). Although this sub-family division is no longer recognized (Wozencraft 1989), recent phylogenetic analyses using molecular genetics have supported wild dogs' place in their own genus (Girman et al. 1993). An analysis of sequence data from 2001 b.p. of the cytochromeb, cytochrome oxidase I, and cytochrome oxidase II genes showed that wild dogs are distinct from the wolves and jackals of the genus Canis (Figure 2.1, Girman et al. 1993). This phylogenetic distinctiveness places a high conservation value upon wild dogs: their extinction would represent the loss of a unique canid lineage several million years old.
Table 2.1 Sampling localities for captive and free-ranging wild dog populations in eastern and southern Africa. Museum skins were collected from populations existing 50-100 years ago.Sources of skins: (1) Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA; (2) British Museum of Natural History, London, UK; (3) Transvaal Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa.
Locality Sample size
Samples from wild populations
Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya 15
Serengeti National Park, Tanzania 13
Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania 32
Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana 45
Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe 28
Angola 1
Etosha National Park, Namibia 6
Kruger National Park, South Africa 94
Sub-total 234
Samples from captive populations
De Wildt breeding colony, South Africa 20
Kapama breeding colony, South Africa 16
Sub-total 36
Samples from museum skins
Kenya (1) 1
Sudan (1) 1
Nigeria (2) 1
Malawi (2) 2
Botswana (2) 1
Zimbabwe (3) 1
Soiuth Africa (1,2,3) 7
Sub-total 14
Genetic and morphological analyses also show some differences between wild dogs from different parts of Africa. Our initial studies employed an analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), and direct sequencing of the cytochrome b gene of 92 wild dogs from two localities in eastern Africa (the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, and Serengeti National Park, Tanzania) and two localities in southern Africa (Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe and Kruger National Park, South Africa, Table 2.1, Girman et al. 1993). In addition, we carried out multivariate analyses of morphological measurements from skulls taken from eastern and southern Africa. Levels of genetic variability in both eastern and southern African populations were similar. In addition, this study suggested that there was a genetic and morphologic distinction between eastern and southern African populations. Based on these results, we recommended separate subspecific designations for eastern and southern African wild dogs (Girman et al. 1993).
However, this distinction between eastern and southern populations of wild dogs was surprising, given the dispersal capabilities of wild dogs. Consequently, we sought many more genetic samples from a greater portion of wild dogs' range in eastern and southern Africa (Table2.1). We also used the most variable portion of the mtDNA genome, the control region, to develop a more fine-scaled analysis of these populations. In addition, since the maternal inheritance of mtDNA may provide a biased picture of gene flow and population differentiation, we carried out further investigations using nuclear loci to develop a complete understanding of the genetic structure of African wild dogs. In our follow-up study we assessed the patterns of gene flow and genetic differentiation of 270 African wild dogs from seven wild populations in eastern and southern Africa, and two captive populations in South Africa, through the analyses of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and eleven dinucleotide repeat loci (microsatellites) (Girman 1996). We used an AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) approach to conduct parallel analyses of both the mtDNA and microsatellite data (Excoffier et al. 1992). This parallel approach allowed us to examine the hierarchy of population subdivision, and to estimate the patterns and rates of gene flow among the seven sampling localities.
(Figure 2.3)The control region sequences revealed two groups of haplotypes, forming two distinct clades in a parsimony analysis (Figure2.2). However, the geographic distribution of haplotypes did not coincide entirely with the divisions suggested by the mitochondrial tree (Figure2.3). The new mtDNA data suggest a pattern of past separation of eastern and southern populations: there are unique haplotypes from different clades at either end of the geographic range. However, there also appears to be recent mixing of haplotypes from the different clades in the intervening populations in Botswana and Zimbabwe
thisis of human being
Wildlife experts are today celebrating the recent discovery of a much theorized, but previously unseen strand of the human race, known as homo fanboious pedancticus (aka Fanboi), in particular a variant confirmed to be of the ATI reverance classification (fanboious radeonous). Although rarely venturing outside of its indigenous environment (commonly thought to be either parent's basements or loft conversions), it was believed to be almost extinct until sometime in 2000, when the Radeon breeding programme was launched and in fact, since the inception of the R300 trust (described by commentators as the "great nVIDIA culling") it's population has swelled to new heights.
With a number of new ATI releases on the horizon, their activity has been on the rise, with researchers noting significant increases in their habitual movements (known as internet forum postings) within traditional feeding grounds (known as internet forums). Popular spots to catch a glimpse of ATI fanboi rituals in action include, Rage3D, Driverheaven and occasionally Beyond3D, especially during the periods identified by observers as "new architecture releases and/or refresh releases", which are typically during the months of April-June and September-November.
Although not characterised by using physical aggression, the fanboi genus is very quick to anger and will take offense at the slightlest affront or critique to their idol, in this case ATI, and will defend it's honour until death, or until called upstairs for dinner or to watch the latest episode of Battlestar Galactica. Their retribution can be vicious, and range from infantile comparison to sophisticated, thesis-length discussion with couched invective. Although inter-species sqaubbles are not unknown, a typical encounter with an arch-rival or non-aligned fanboi (naf) will range from a claim such as "OMG my 6800GT pwns your X800XL in D3!" and counter-claim, "Yeah well my X800XL owns your GT in Farcry and HL2 with 4AA/8AF! Suck that down! et al" to highly technical and involved abstract on why the NV30 wasn't a bad chip with it's full and partial precision and how ATI constrained the industry and developers by releasing SM2.0b, et al.
As such, the intrepid adventurers responsible for snapping the first pictures of this elusive creature had to tread carefully and warily, lest they incur it's wrath and be forever hounded and ridiculed across the vast wild expanse of the internet. Fortunately, in many cases their wants are few and some pictures were secured with minimal fuss -- a glimpse of R520 had the individual pictured below writhing in spasms of ectstasy. It has been found that fanboious radeonous responds well to idle and baseless speculation (which is always correct) on upcoming parts from ATI and is not averse to similar speculation (which is always incorrect) regarding competitor's products. This, together with monthly driver updates and incremental performance improvements, as well as suitable games and leaked demos seems to feed in to the psyche of the fanboi, fueling their reverence for their own idol, while exacerbating their hatred and derision of the attributes and performance of the arch-rival's product.
well this site will tell you the taxonomy of human
http://www.nyu.edu/pages/projects/difiore/humanevolution/pdfs/wood&collard1999.pdf
2006-10-20 06:14:41
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answer #7
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answered by Anonymous
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