Do any banks or other funders lend money to invest in countries overseas, like dubai?

Answer 1

United Arab Emirates
2005 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT -- UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Openness to Foreign Investment

Investment laws and regulations are evolving in the UAE and are expected to become more conducive to foreign investment. At present, the regulatory and legal framework favors local over foreign investors. There is no national treatment for investors in the UAE, and foreign ownership of land and stocks is restricted.

The UAE government is opening up its trade sectors in line with its WTO obligations. The UAEG already has taken steps to cut red tape for foreign investors, and now exempts investors from obtaining a Ministry of Labor card in addition to an Immigration Department visa. Investors no longer need to appear in person to inquire about the status of business applications in Abu Dhabi. A new automated service, offered in Arabic and English, allows investors to receive information about their business licenses over the phone. The U.S. and UAE expect to begin negotiating a Free Trade Agreement in 2005, which is expected to further open up the UAE to U.S. foreign direct investment.

There have been no significant investment disputes during the past few years involving U.S. or other foreign investors. Claim resolution has not generally been a problem, although foreign companies tend not to press claims.

There is no income tax in the UAE. Foreign banks pay 20 percent tax on their profits. Foreign oil companies with equity in concessions pay taxes and royalties on their proceeds. There are no consumption taxes, and the GCC states formally implemented a single import tariff of 5 percent on most goods January 1, 2003. The exceptions to the 5 percent tariff in the UAE are a fifty percent tariff for alcohol, a one-hundred percent tariff for tobacco, and duty exemptions for 53 food and agricultural items.

Regulation of the establishment and conduct of business in the UAE is shared at the federal and emirate levels. There are four major laws affecting foreign investment in the UAE; the Federal Companies Law, the Commercial Agencies Law, the Federal Industry Law, and the Government Tenders Law. These laws, especially the Federal Companies Law, are seen as the largest obstacles to foreign direct investment in the UAE.

The Federal Companies Law applies to all commercial companies established in the UAE and to branch offices of foreign companies operating in the UAE. Companies established in the UAE are required to have a minimum of 51 percent UAE national ownership. However, profits may be apportioned differently. Branch offices of foreign companies are required to have a national agent unless the foreign company has established its office pursuant to an agreement with the federal or an emirate government. All general partnership interest must be owned by UAE nationals. Foreign shareholders may hold up to a 49 percent interest in limited liability companies.

The Commercial Agencies Law requires that foreign principals distribute their products in the UAE only through exclusive commercial agents that are either UAE nationals or companies wholly owned by UAE nationals. The foreign principal can appoint one agent for the entire UAE or for a particular emirate or group of emirates. The law provides that an agent may be terminated only by mutual agreement of the foreign principal and the local agent, notwithstanding the expiration of the term of the agency agreement.

The Federal Industry Law stipulates that industrial projects must have 51 percent UAE national ownership. The law also requires that projects either be managed by a UAE national or have a board of directors with a majority of UAE nationals. Exemptions from the law are provided for projects related to extraction and refining of oil, natural gas, and other raw materials. Additionally, projects with a small capital investment or special projects governed by special laws or agreements are exempt from the industry law.

The Government Tenders Law stipulates that a supplier, contractor, or tenderer with respect to federal projects must either be a UAE national or a company in which UAE nationals own at least 51 percent of the share capital or foreign entities represented by a UAE distributor or agent. Foreign companies wishing to bid for a federal project must, therefore, enter into a joint venture or agency arrangement with a UAE national or company. Federal tenders must accompany a bid bond in the form of an unconditional bank bond guarantee for 5 percent of the value of the bid. If goods and services are not available locally then UAE federal government entities often tender internationally.

Up until recently, only Emiratis and other GCC nationals were permitted to own land in the UAE, while foreigners, who comprise 80-85% of the population, had been restricted to renting. In May 2002, the Emirate of Dubai announced that it would permit so-called “free hold” real estate ownership for non-GCC nationals by giving permission to three companies to develop and sell freehold properties on government-designated pieces of land. However, because specific laws regarding freehold ownership remain to be codified and procedures for title documentation and conveyance remain to be established, potential buyers are unsure whether they will have an absolute freehold title that means the same as it does in Europe of the U.S.

Perhaps the most important impediment to freeholds is that owners cannot register titles with the Dubai Land Department, a step that allows owners access to the full range of legal protections and transactions that property ownership requires. If a national and foreigner try to register a change of land title, the Land Department normally turns them away. Inheritance laws present another area of concern to freehold buyers, and current legislation appears ambiguous. Freeholds are so new that there are no court precedents yet. Some people are reportedly avoiding this legal ambiguity by purchasing homes through an offshore shell company. Nevertheless, the Dubai Government has promised to resolve these problems and ambiguities in a new land law. So far, Dubai is the only emirate engaged in large-scale property sales to foreigners, though Ajman and Ras Al Khaimah reportedly have announced similar schemes.

Oil will continue to be a major sector for foreign investment in 2005. UAE oil production capacity currently is around 2.5 million barrels per day (MB/D). It should rise to 2.8 and 3.0 MB/D by 2005 and 2010, respectively. Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Operations (ADCO) plans to lift production to 1.45 MB/D, Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA-OPCO) to 600,000 B/D and Zakum Development Company (ZADCO) to 600,000 B/D during the next three to five years. As part of the effort to continue to improve output and seek foreign technological and managerial expertise, the state-run Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) tendered the privatization of a 28 percent stake in the offshore Zakum oilfield in April 2002. Exxon-Mobil, BP and Royal Dutch Shell are participating in this content, with an outcome expected in 2005. In 2002, the United States enjoyed a 45 percent market share in oil and gas field equipment spare parts, and services. No regulatory/demand issues affect the market.

We are optimistic that opportunities for foreign investment in the public utilities sector will increase as well. In March 1998 the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA) awarded a contract for the UAE’s first independent water and power project (IWPP), with an estimated value of $750 million, to an American firm. The firm was selected as part of an Anglo-American consortium to manage the emirate’s third IWPP in 2001. The Abu Dhabi government has announced that power generation (includes power and desalinated water production) and transmission will be privatized, while power distribution will remain under the control of Abu Dhabi authorities. The estimated commercial value of planned power and water sector development projects in Abu Dhabi is $5 billion.

The UAE has opened the telecommunications market to foreign investment by enacting legislation to end the monopoly of Etisalat (the official UAE telecommunications company) and open the market to the private sector and foreign investment on January 1, 2005.

Defense contractors with an eye for investment in the UAE must negotiate directly with the UAE Offsets Group (UOG), and invest an amount that will generate a profit equal to 60% of their contract in the UAE. UOG investment projects generally must show the required profit after seven years. The contractor may not own more than 49 percent of the project, and UAE nationals must hold the remaining 51 percent. There are currently more than 30 offset ventures; offset projects cover the full spectrum of economic activity, including, inter alia, advertising, fish farming, air conditioning, language centers, shipbuilding, aircraft maintenance, leasing, medical services, and even polo grounds. One of the largest offset ventures is the Oasis International leasing company – a British Aerospace offsets venture.

Conversion and Transfer Policies

There are no restrictions or delays on the import or export of either the UAE Dirham or foreign currencies by foreigners or UAE nationals, with the exception of Israeli currency and the currencies of those countries subject to United Nations sanctions. The UAEG passed comprehensive anti-money laundering legislation following the attacks of September 11, 2001, that imposes strict documentary requirements on large wire transfers. Travelers entering the UAE must declare currency amounts of more than 40,000 Dirhams (approximately $10,800) as part of these measures.

Since February 2002, the Dirham has been officially fixed to the U.S. Dollar. The exchange rate is 3.67 UAE Dirhams per one U.S. Dollar.

Expropriation and Compensation

Foreign investors have not been involved in any expropriations in the UAE in recent years. There are no set rules governing compensation if expropriations were to occur, and individual emirates probably would treat this differently. In practice, authorities in the UAE would not expropriate unless there was a compelling developmental or public interest need to do so, and in such cases compensation would be generous.

Dispute Settlement

There have been no significant investment disputes during the past few years involving U.S. or other foreign investors, but there have been several contractor disputes, with the government as well as local businesses. Disputes generally are resolved by arbitration, by the parties themselves, or by recourse to the legal system. Dispute resolution can be difficult and uncertain, however. Arbitration may commence by petition to the federal courts on the basis of mutual consent, a written arbitration agreement, independently or by nomination of arbitrators, or through a referral to an appointing authority without recourse to judicial proceedings. Enforcing arbitration judgments can be difficult as they require court certification, and judicial proceedings may continue for several years.

The UAE constitution established a federal court system while acknowledging the right of the individual emirates to maintain a court system of their own. Accordingly, each emirate applies federal law in its own court system that consists of courts of first instance, courts of appeal and a Supreme Court. The court of first instance consists of civil, criminal, and sharia (Islamic law) courts. Sharia law is only applicable to Muslims and relates to family matters mentioned in the Koran. Courts will interpret statutory law and legal precedent in deciding cases. Commercial disputes involving foreign parties tend to come before the civil courts in the federal system; a panel of three judges ordinarily hears commercial disputes. All cases involving banks and financial institutions are required to be heard by civil courts. In Abu Dhabi, all non-arbitration commercial disputes are first brought to the Abu Dhabi Conciliation Department. If the parties are unable to reach a settlement, they can begin legal proceedings in the court of first instance.

The UAE federal Supreme Court has held that a foreign arbitration clause in a registered commercial agency agreement is unenforceable because the Commercial Agency Law of 1981 states that UAE courts have jurisdiction over commercial agency disputes. According to an analysis by Western-trained attorneys of the UAE code of civil procedures, however, UAE courts will recognize a decision by both parties to refer a dispute to arbitration. No party in a dispute can file a court claim if such party already has agreed to refer the claim to arbitration. The parties can move to arbitration at any stage during litigation. The civil procedure code details rule governing the qualification of arbitrators and many other aspects of the arbitration process. The venue of arbitration is required to be within the UAE, and if not, the resultant award is treated like a foreign judgment.

The code contains comprehensive rules in connection with the various types of preventive and provisional remedies prior to litigation and the issuance of judgments, including the attachment of property, confiscation of the defendant’s passport and prohibitions on travel, as well as the detention of the defendant in certain instances. However, the courts must certify all arbitration decisions, and though they do not review substantive claims, they can invalidate decisions based on procedural considerations. Parties can also appeal certification decisions thus prolonging enforcement indefinitely.

In 1993 the Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce and Industry formed the Abu Dhabi Commercial Conciliation and Arbitration Center in an effort to accelerate commercial dispute resolution. The Center has jurisdiction to conciliate or arbitrate commercial disputes. Currently, the Center has 135 open cases and accepts roughly 30-40 new cases each year. The Center’s executive regulations govern the conciliation and arbitration procedure. Though referral by the parties to the Dispute Center ostensibly requires them to accept the finality of the Center’s decision, the courts must still certify the decision and enforcement can be delayed. The Center conducts proceedings in Arabic or any other agreed upon language.

The Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry has promulgated similar commercial conciliation and arbitration rules that permit parties to have conciliation or arbitration proceedings under the auspices of the Chamber. In 2004, the Dubai International Arbitration Center was made independent of the Chamber. The Arbitration Center aims to bring international standards of arbitration to business in Dubai.

The UAE is a member of the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes. Although the UAE Cabinet approved entry into the New York Convention of 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in 2003, the UAEG has not implemented the legislation, and is unlikely to do so in the near future.

Performance Requirements/Incentives

As listed elsewhere in this report, the regulatory and legal framework in the UAE favors local over foreign investors. The US raised this as a concern in the TIFA council meetings. There is no national treatment for investors in the UAE. The UAE maintains non-tariff barriers to investment in the form of restrictive agency, sponsorship, and distributorship requirements. In order to do business in the UAE outside one of the free zones, a foreign business in most cases must have a UAE national sponsor, agent or distributor. Once chosen, sponsors, agents, or distributors have exclusive rights. They cannot be replaced without their agreement. Government tendering is not conducted according to generally accepted international standards, and re-tendering is the norm. To bid on federal projects, a supplier or contractor must be either a UAE national or a company in which UAE nationals own at least 51 percent of the capital or have a local agent or distributor. Federal tenders must be accompanied by a bid bond in the form of an unconditional bank guarantee for 5 percent of the value of the bid. In UAE federal government entities can tender internationally since foreign companies sometimes are the only suppliers of specialized goods or services that are not widely available.

Incentives are given to foreign investors in the free zones. Outside the free zones, no incentives are given, although the ability to purchase property as freehold in certain favored projects in Dubai – and promises that foreign owners of such property would be granted residence permits as long as they remained in possession of title – would appear to be incentives aimed at attracting foreign investment.

Visas, residence permits, and work permits are required of all foreigners in the UAE except nationals from GCC countries. Americans are eligible to receive 10-year, multiple entry visas, which authorize stay up to six months per entry, with the possibility of a six-month extension. U.S. citizens may obtain visas for business and tourism at the airport upon arrival. These visas do not permit employment in the UAE.

Right to Private Ownership and Establishment

Except as detailed elsewhere in this report, there are no restrictions on the right of private entities to establish and own business enterprises and engage in all forms of remunerative activity.

Protection of Property Rights

The concept of a mortgage has just been introduced – but only for select Dubai-based five-star property developments. Mortgages are generally unavailable beyond these limited exceptions. Title to all land in Abu Dhabi, the largest emirate, resides in the ruler. Most construction, commercial and residential, is financed by a specialized agency of the government of Abu Dhabi, and commercial banks finance the remainder. Their collateral traditionally has been access to the rent stream of the building or the personal guarantee of the developer.

Foreign and national banks have increased their activity in the mortgage market, expanding their services to foreigners as well as nationals due to the recent boom in freehold property. Foreign banks have entered the market on a smaller scale; the local Mashreq Bank and Dubai Islamic Bank are most heavily involved in new mortgage business, with banks such as Standard Chartered and HSBC providing mortgages on a case-by-case basis to established customers.

The UAE Government continues to lead the region in protecting intellectual property rights (IPR). Anecdotal and statistical evidence confirms that the UAEG is enforcing copyright, trademark, and patent laws passed in 2002 to protect U.S. intellectual property, and continues to demonstrate its commitment to the 2002 agreement providing TRIPS-plus levels of protection to U.S. pharmaceuticals.

The copyright law, enacted in July 2002, grants protections to authors of creative works and expands the categories of protected works to include computer programs, software, databases, and other digital works. Efforts to combat computer software piracy in the UAE have been successful. According to 2003 industry estimates, the rate of software piracy in the UAE is the lowest in the Middle East. The UAE is recognized as the regional leader in fighting computer software piracy.

The UAE’s Trademark Law, also issued in July 2002, confirms that the UAE will follow the International Classification System and that one trademark can be registered in a number of classes. The new law provides that the owner of the registration shall enjoy exclusive rights to the use of the trademark as registered and can prevent others from using an identical or similar mark on similar, identical or related products and services if it causes confusion among consumers.

In 2004, the UAEG sought to amend and expand the scope of landmark copyright, trademark, and patent laws issued in 2002. Most notably, in 2004, the UAE Ministry of Information issued regulations under the 2002 Copyright Law allowing for specialized collecting societies. These societies are a practical way for sound recording companies to collect royalties on the broadcast and performance of copyrighted material. The UAEG also is considering legislation for data protection, privacy, and other IP-related issues. In response to TIFA Council discussions, the UAE identified points of contact for rights holders to address complaints. The UAE also resolved a number of IPR complaints with U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers in 2004.


Transparency of the Regulatory System

The fundamental instrument by which all of the emirates regulate business activity is the requirement that any place of business must acquire and maintain a proper license. The procedures for obtaining a license vary from emirate to emirate, but are straightforward and publicly available.

A license is not required unless a place of business is set up in the UAE. In other words, foreign businesses exporting to the UAE but without a regular or continuing business presence in the UAE do not need a license. Licenses available include trade licenses, industrial licenses, service licenses, professional licenses, and construction licenses.

Several federal regulations govern business activities in the UAE outside free trade zones. Activities within the free zones are governed by special bylaws.

Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment

The UAE federal commercial code, promulgated in 1993, devotes an entire chapter to bankruptcy – the first comprehensive legislation in the UAE on the subject. Monetary judgments in bankruptcy cases are made in the local currency, and UAE courts enforce the judgments of foreign courts if there is reciprocity based on bilateral or international treaties. In the judgment of western legal experts, the commercial code chapter on bankruptcy governs the procedures and effects of bankruptcy in the UAE, but does not provide a mechanism for the orderly evaluation and distribution of assets of a bankrupt entity.

Credit is allocated on market terms. There are 21 UAE-owned banks with 344 branches in the UAE and abroad, 26 foreign banks with 109 branches, one restricted license bank, two investment banks, and 49 representative offices. Following a banking crisis caused by accumulating bad debts after the oil boom in the mid-1980s, the Central Bank stopped giving licenses to new foreign banks. However, in September 2003, the UAE Central Bank announced that it would allow the operation of more banks from other countries on a reciprocal basis. The Central Bank is also considering allowing foreign banks operating in the UAE to set up new branches provided that they undertake to employ UAE nationals.

Citibank is the only U.S. bank in the UAE that offers full banking services. Bank of America has a representative office in Dubai, while Bank of New York has one in Abu Dhabi. The largest banks in terms of assets include the National Bank of Abu Dhabi, National Bank of Dubai, Emirates Bank International, Mashreqbank, and Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank.

The Central Bank prohibits lending to an amount greater than 7 percent of a bank’s capital base to any single customer. Foreign banks with branches in the UAE are not permitted to calculate loans as a percentage of their global capital, which may however be used to calculate in the capital adequacy ratio. In a revision to the rule, the Central Bank in 1993 said it would exclude from the requirement non-funded exposures, such as letters of credit and guarantees. The Central Bank also announced implementation of internationally recognized and accepted accounting principles.

The UAEG implemented a body of anti-money laundering legislation at the end of 2001, which included stringent reporting requirements for wire transfers exceeding $545 and currency importation reporting requirements of amounts exceeding approximately $10,800. The law imposes stiff criminal penalties (jail time and fines) for money laundering and also provides safe harbor provisions for those who report such crimes. Banks and other financial institutions are required to follow strict “know your customer” guidelines; all financial transactions more than $54,000, regardless of their nature, must be reported to the UAE Central Bank. Banks and other financial institutions supervised by the Central Bank (exchange houses, investment companies, and brokerages) are required to maintain records on all transactions for at least five years.


In 2004, the UAE strengthened its legal authority to combat terrorism and terrorist financing by passing Federal Law Number 1 of 2004 on Combating Terror Crimes on July 29, 2004. (Law No. 1/2004). Law No. 1/2004 specifically criminalizes the funding of terrorist activities or terrorist organizations. Law No. 1/2004 provides for asset seizure and confiscation.

The UAE Central Bank established the Anti-Money Laundering and Suspicious Cases Unit (AMLSCU) in 1998 to perform the functions of a financial intelligence unit (FIU). The AMLSCU jointed the prestigious Egmont Group of FIUs – the first Arab country to do so – at the Group’s June 2002 conference in Monaco. This membership was the basis of a number of Memoranda of Understanding the AMLSCU signed with other countries’ FIUs in 2002 to facilitate information sharing and case processing. The AMLSCU participated in seminars, consultative meetings, and training with Washington-based agencies in 2002, including the Department of Treasury’s FinCEN. Banks, customs officials, and other relevant personnel are required to file suspicious transaction reports with the unit.
Local banks finance most non-oil investment in the UAE. Even so, banks lack sufficient lending opportunities in the UAE, and consequently place most of their funds in overseas markets. Most of the manufacturing sector operates with higher levels of debt than prescribed by the 60:40 debt-to-equity ratio – generally the norm for this sector. Some three-fourths of gross fixed capital formation in manufacturing is directly or indirectly financed by the banking system.

Abu Dhabi and Dubai each have a stock exchange. 22 out of 53 stocks on the UAE stock market are open to foreign investment. Ministry of Economy and Planning rules allow foreign investment up to 49% in companies on the stock market, however, company by-laws in many cases prohibit or limit foreign ownership.

Political Violence

There have been no instances in recent memory involving politically motivated damage to projects, or insurgencies that have impacted the investment environment.

Corruption

There is no evidence that corruption of public officials is a systemic problem; however, the former head of Dubai Customs and Port Authority – along with five other customs officials – was tried, convicted, and sentenced in April 2001 to 27 years in prison on charges of corruption and embezzlement. He was pardoned four months later by the Dubai government and released.

American firms are bound by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act – a copy of which may be obtained from the Commercial Section of the U.S. Embassy. The UAE is not a signatory to the UN Anticorruption Convention.

Bilateral Investment Agreements

On March 15, 2004, the United States signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) with the United Arab Emirates to provide a formal framework for dialogue on economic reform and trade liberalization. TIFAs promote the establishment of legal protection for investors, improvements in intellectual property right protection, more transparent and efficient customs procedures, and greater transparency in government and commercial regulations. Through this process, the United States Government (USG) can identify potential partners for further trade cooperation, such as free trade agreements (FTA).

A key element of the TIFA agreement is the establishment of a U.S.-UAE TIFA Council which provides an opportunity for the U.S. and the UAE to learn more about each other’s trade and economic policies. It also provides a forum for discussions of ways to increase bilateral trade and bolster the UAE’s current economic reform efforts. The U.S.-UAE TIFA Council met in April and October 2004 in Washington, during which both sides asked detailed questions about each other’s IPR levels of protection, standards, market access, customs valuation, government procurement, services and investment, labor, and environment.

The United States announced the intent to begin FTA negotiations with the UAE on November 15, 2004, beginning a 90-day Congressional notification period.

OPIC and other Investment Insurance Programs

The UAE has been suspended from U.S. OPIC insurance programs since 1995 because of the UAEG’s lack of compliance with internationally recognized worker rights standards – particularly laborers’ rights to association and collective bargaining. The ILO reported in April 2003, however, that the UAE had started to address these concerns. The UAE is in the process of drafting a labor law in consultation with the ILO that permits the creation of formal labor associations/unions.

Workers currently address grievances and negotiate disputes of matters of interest with employers through formal and informal mechanisms, including strikes – even though the law does not technically sanction them. The UAEG does allow workers to associate freely for the advancement of common goals and interests.

The UAEG prohibits strikes by those employed in the public sector on the grounds of national security considerations. There is continuous coverage in the local press, however, of private sector employees striking in protest of non-payment of wages. Throughout 2004, Ministry of Labor officials investigated and mediated such disputes – often to the benefit of the striking workers – and negotiated quick settlements.

Labor

Population in the UAE is approximately 4 million, according to 2003 data estimates. More than 80 percent of residents are foreigners, and approximately 98 percent of private sector workers in the UAE are non-UAE nationals. Emiratization of the UAE workforce remains a national objective, although mandated hiring of nationals has been limited to only a few sectors, such as banking.

The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively: The law does not specifically grant – but does not prohibit – workers the right to engage in collective bargaining. It does, however, expressly authorize collective work dispute resolution. There were a number of organized gatherings of workers that complained of unpaid wages before the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs in 2003. Professional associations may raise work-related concerns, to lobby the UAEG for redress, or to file a grievance with the Government. For the resolution of work-related disputes, workers rely on conciliation committees organized by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs or on special labor courts.

Labor laws do not cover, and therefore do not protect, government employees, domestic servants, and agricultural workers. The latter two groups face considerable difficulty in negotiating employment contracts because the mandatory requirements contained in the labor law do not apply. They also face considerable difficulty in obtaining assistance to resolve disputes with their employers. UAE employers generally tie an employee’s residency or visa to his employment and sponsorship. If the employee terminates his employment and is unable to secure new employment and a new sponsor, the employee loses residency and could be required to leave the country.

The UAE Government has committed itself to strictly regulating and enforcing labor laws, as witnessed by a recent series of legislation and proposals. In June 2004, the UAE’s Cabinet of Ministers approved a memo calling for the establishment of labor unions and associations in the UAE. The UAEG instructed a ministerial committee to draft a federal law creating unions; the committee will then have six months to submit the draft law for approval. This new Labor Law will allow for the creation of labor unions to ensure laborers’ rights to organize and bargain collectively. Unlike the current Labor Law, which only covers private sector employees, the new federal law covering unions will include employees from both the public and private sectors. The exact role unions will play and membership conditions remain unclear. Under the new law, trade unions would be limited to UAE citizens, while expatriate workers would be represented through special committees.

Businesses in free trade zones must comply with federal labor laws; however, the Ministry of Labor does not regulate them. Instead, each free trade zone maintains its own labor department to address workers’ concerns.

Prohibition of Forced or Bonded Labor: Forced or bonded labor is illegal in the UAE. However, some employment agents bring foreign workers to the country under conditions approaching indenture. Some women reportedly are brought to the country for service sector employment and later forced into prostitution. The Government prohibits forced and bonded child labor and generally enforces this prohibition effectively.

Starting October 1, 2004, the UAE Ministry of Labor began requiring employers to submit job offers stating the salary and job title of their prospective employees at the same time employers submit visa applications. The former practice was for employers to provide employment details on the visa applications only. This mandate is intended to make employers more accountable when applying for work visas on behalf of their employees and aims to protect the rights of workers, who are sometimes misled by their employers.


Status of Child Labor Practices and Minimum Age for Employment: The labor law prohibits employment of persons under the age of 15 and has special provisions for employing those 15 to 18 years of age. The Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for enforcing the regulations. Other regulations permit employers to employ only adult foreign workers. The UAEG does not issue work permits for foreign workers under the age of 18 years.

In September 2002, the UAEG passed a decree banning the use of foreign child camel jockeys and included criminal penalties for violators up to and including imprisonment. The ban prohibits the use of camel jockeys less than 15 years of age and under 45 kilos. Enforcement has not been consistent.

Acceptable Conditions of Work: There are a considerable number of skilled foreign nationals in the country who are employed under favorable working conditions. However, the country is also a destination for a large number of unskilled workers, including more than 200,000 domestic servants, most of them women from South and East Asia, and an even larger number of unskilled male workers, mostly from South Asia. These unskilled laborers actively compete for jobs in the UAE, and some are subject to poor working conditions.

The standard workday is eight hours per day; the standard workweek is six days per week; however, these standards are not enforced strictly. Certain types of workers, notably domestic servants, are required to work longer than the mandated standard. The law also provides for a minimum of 24 days per year of annual leave plus 10 national and religious holidays. There is no legislated or administrative minimum wage; rather, supply and demand determine compensation. Compensation packages generally provide housing or housing allowances. In addition, other benefits, such as homeward passage or health cards for minimal to no-cost health care, are often provided to employees by their employers. The Labor and Social Affairs Ministry reviews labor contracts and does not approve any contract that stipulates a clearly unacceptable wage.

The Ministries of Health and of Labor and Social Affairs, municipalities, and civil defense enforce health and safety standards, and the Government requires every large industrial concern to employ a certified occupational safety officer. Contrary to popular belief, there is no law in the country that prohibits labor outdoors when the temperate exceeds 50 degrees Celsius. The law does require, however, that employers provide employees with a safe work environment.

Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports

The UAE Free Zones today are home to approximately 5,000 companies with a total investment estimated at more than $4 billion. Presently, 16 free trade zones operate in the UAE, and more are in the developmental stage. Overall, these free zones form a vital component of the local economy, and serve as major re-export centers to the Gulf region.

Since UAE tariffs are low and not levied against many imports, the chief attraction of the free zones is the waiver of the requirement for majority local ownership. In the free zones, foreigners may own up to 100 percent of the equity in an enterprise. All free zones provide 100 percent import and export tax exemption, 100 percent exemption from commercial levies, 100 percent repatriation of capital and profits, multi-year leases, easy access to sea and airports, buildings for lease, energy connections (often at subsidized prices), and assistance in labor recruitment. In addition, the free zone authorities provide significant support services, such as sponsorship, worker housing, dining facilities, recruitment, and security.

By far the largest and most successful of the free zones is the Jebel Ali Free Zone (JAFZ) in Dubai, located 20 km south of Dubai city adjacent to the Jebel Ali Port. Over 2,200 companies representing 80 countries have set up shop in the JAFZ, including numerous Fortune 500 firms.

The JAFZ managing authority authorizes three types of licenses – a general license, a specific license, and a national industrial license. The licenses are valid while a company holds a current lease from the free zone authority and are renewable annually as long as the lease is in force. The special license is issued to companies incorporated, or otherwise legally established, within the free zone or outside the UAE. In such cases, no other license is required, and the ownership of the company may be 100 percent foreign. The license is issued for any activity permitted by the free zone authority, including manufacturing. A company with a special license can operate only in the JAFZ or outside the UAE, but business can be undertaken and sales made in the UAE through or to a company holding a valid Dubai Economic Department license. A company with a special license, however, can itself purchase goods or services from within the UAE.

A variety of innovative free zones in Dubai have been established since 2000, most notably the TECOM (Technology, Electronic Commerce and Media) free zone. TECOM houses both Internet City and Media City, two subdivisions which cater, respectively, to the IT and media sectors. TECOM offers a high bandwidth, and state-of-the-art IT infrastructure. Current tenants of TECOM include prominent names such as Oracle, Reuters, CNN, Hewlett Packard and Microsoft. Other Dubai free zones planned include Health Care City, specializing in medical products and services, and the Mohammed Bin Rashid Technology Park, which aims to promote scientific research and development, and to transfer technology throughout the region.

Foreign Direct Investment Statistics

The United Nations Conferences on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reports that inward FDI flow for the UAE was $480 million in 2003, down from $834 million in 2002. Official UAE government statistics on FDI flows are not available, but observers believe that foreign investment is an increasingly important source of finance.

The Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce and Industry notes that the leading sectors for investment in the UAE in 2002 were (in order of magnitude of investment): oil and gas-field machinery and services, power and water, computer/peripherals, medical equipment and supplies, airport development and ground equipment, telecommunications, and franchising.

There are no restrictions or incentives with regard to the export of capital and outward direct investment, and UAE investment abroad is significant. It is conservatively estimated that the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) manages an approximate USD $250 billion in government assets in overseas markets – mostly in the United States, Europe, and Asia.

Answer 2

NO, that is unlawful for a economic corporation to lend every person money to pass into the inventory industry or positioned money into securities. yet, the banks being as shady and grasping as they are, they are going to lend your cash on a private loan or a collateralized loan this way they do no longer ought to truly ask what you will do such as your money. basically a rattling fool could borrow money from a economic corporation to take a place in securities. BOB - Reg T basically addresses loans made via broking provider/sellers to the final public. Banks are coated via Reg R (i think of that is R)

Answer 3

Yes. The trick is figuring out which ones...