Hercules is the Latin name used in Rome for a hero corresponding to the Greek mythological hero Heracles (or Herakles), the Roman name being a metathesis of the Greek name. He was son of Jupiter and grandson of Theseus, the Roman counterpart to the Greek god Zeus and the mortal Alcmene. He was made to perform twelve great tasks, called The Twelve Labours of Hercules and became a god.
In popular culture the Romans adopted the Etruscan Hercle, a hero-figure that had already been influenced by Greek culture, especially in the conventions of his representation, but who had experienced an autonomous development. Etruscan Hercle appears in the elaborate illustrative engraved designs on the backs of Etruscan bronze mirrors made during the 4th century BC, which were favoured grave goods. Their specific literary references have been lost, with the loss of all Etruscan literature.
This Hercle/Hercules, the Hercle of the ejaculation "Mehercle!", remained a popular cult figure in the Roman legions. The literary Greek versions of his life and works were appropriated by literate Romans from the 2nd century BC onwards, essentially unchanged, but Latin literature of Hercules added anecdotal detail of its own, some of it linking the hero with the geography of the Western Mediterranean. Details of the Greek cult, which mixed chthonic libations and uneaten holocausts with Olympian services, were adapted to specifically Roman requirements as well, as Hercules became the founding figure of Herculaneum and other places, and his cult became entwined with Imperial cult, as shown in surviving frescoes in the Herculanean collegium that was devoted to Hercules.
Roman images of Hercules were modelled upon Hellenistic Greek images and might be contrasted with the images of Heracles that appear in Attic vase-painting.
One aspect of Greek Heracles was not adopted by Roman culture: the ambivalent relationship with his patroness/antagonist Hera that was an archaic aspect of "Hera's man", Heracles.
2006-10-10 19:23:41
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answer #3
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answered by Bill P 5
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HERCULES
1)Introduction
Hercules (mythology), in Greek mythology, hero noted of his strength and courage and for his many legendary exploits. Hercules is the Roman name of the Greek hero Heracles. He was the son of the god Zeus and Alcmene, wife of the Theban general Amphitryon. Hera, the jealous wife of Zeus, was determined to kill her unfaithful husband's offspring, and shortly after Hercules' birth she sent two great serpents to destroy him. Hercules, although still a baby, strangled the snakes. As a young man Hercules killed a lion with his bare hands. As a trophy of his adventure, he wore the skin of the lion as a cloak and its head as a helmet. The hero next conquered a tribe that had been exacting tribute from Thebes. As a reward, he was given the hand of the Theban princess Megara, by whom he had three children. Hera, still relentless in her hatred of Hercules, sent a fit of madness upon him during which he killed his wife and children. In horror and remorse at his deed Hercules would have slain himself, but he was told by the oracle at Delphi that he should purge himself by becoming the servant of his cousin Eurystheus, king of Mycenae. Eurystheus, urged on by Hera, devised as a penance 12 difficult tasks, the “Labours of Hercules”.
2) THE TWELVE LABOURS
The first task was to kill the lion of Nemea, a beast that could not be wounded by any weapon. Hercules first stunned the lion with his club and then strangled it. He then killed the Hydra that lived in a swamp in Lerna. This monster had nine heads. One head was immortal and, when one of the others was chopped off, two grew back in its place. Hercules seared each mortal neck with a burning torch to prevent two heads growing back; he buried the immortal head under a rock. He then dipped his arrows into the Hydra's blood to make them poisonous. Hercules' next labour was to capture alive a stag with golden horns and bronze hoofs that was sacred to Artemis, goddess of the hunt, and the fourth labour was to capture a great boar whose lair was on Mount Erymanthus. Hercules then had to clean in one day the 30 years of accumulated filth left by thousands of cattle in the Augean stables. He diverted the streams of two rivers, causing them to flow through the stables. Hercules next drove off a huge flock of man-eating birds with bronze beaks, claws, and wings that lived near Lake Stymphalus. To fulfil the seventh labour Hercules brought to Eurystheus a mad bull that Poseidon, god of the sea, had sent to terrorize Crete. To bring back the man-eating mares of Diomedes, king of Thrace, Hercules killed Diomedes, then drove the mares to Mycenae. Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, was willing to help Hercules with his ninth labour. As Hippolyta was about to give Hercules her girdle, which Eurystheus wanted for his daughter, Hera made Hippolyta's forces believe Hercules was trying to abduct the queen. Hercules killed Hippolyta, thinking she was responsible for the ensuing attack, and escaped from the Amazons with the girdle. On his way to the island of Erythia to capture the oxen of the three-headed monster Geryon, Hercules set up two great rocks (the mountains Gibraltar and Ceuta, which now flank the Strait of Gibraltar) as a memorial of his journey. After Hercules had brought back the oxen, he was sent to fetch the golden apples of the Hesperides. Because Hercules did not know where these apples were, he sought help from Atlas, father of the Hesperides. Atlas agreed to help him if Hercules would support the world on his shoulders while Atlas got the apples. The old man did not wish to resume his burden, but Hercules tricked Atlas into taking the world back. The 12th and most difficult labour of Hercules was to bring back the three-headed dog Cerberus from the lower world. Hades, god of the dead, gave Hercules permission to take the beast if he used no weapons. Hercules captured Cerberus, brought him to Mycenae, and then carried him back to Hades.
3) DEATH OF THE HERO
Hercules later married Deianira, whom he won from Antaeus, son of the sea god Poseidon. When the centaur Nessus attacked Deianira, Hercules wounded him with an arrow that he had poisoned with the blood of the Hydra. The dying centaur told Deianira to take some of his blood, which he said was a powerful love charm but was really a poison. Believing that Hercules had fallen in love with the princess Iole, Deianira later sent him a tunic dipped in the blood. When he put it on, the pain caused by the poison was so great that he killed himself on a funeral pyre. After death he was brought by the gods to Olympus and married to Hebe, goddess of youth.
Hercules was worshipped by the Greeks as both a god and as a mortal hero. He is usually represented as strong and muscular, clad in a lion skin and carrying a club. The most famous statue of the mythical hero is in the National Museum in Naples.
2006-10-11 11:40:16
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answer #6
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answered by ¨°º¤•§îRîu§ ¤[†]¤ ߣã¢K•¤º°¨ 3
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Here's a some stuff I wrote about Hercules a couple years ago:
The Story of Prometheus.
Prometheus was one of the Titans, and he did many great things for the human race -- nearly all of which involved affronts to Jove, the king of the gods.
Jupiter (the alternate name of Jove, from his respectful title “father Jove” or JOUE PATER in Latin) had not thought too highly of human beings when they first appeared, and planned to ignore them until they died out on their own. Prometheus, however, saw potential in the creatures and took pity on them. He gave them arts and crafts, sciences, and alphabets to help remember it all. He also taught them to make sacrifices to the gods, so they would like the humans and help them out when needed.
When it came to animal sacrifices, it was decided that half the animal would remain for the use of the humans, and Jove was to choose which part he wanted the gods to receive. Prometheus took the meat and skins and tossed them about so they looked like a putrid mess; then all the leftover, useless pieces of the animal he took, and carefully arranged the bones, hooves, fat and gristle in a beautiful display. When Jove came to make his choice, his eye was immediately caught by the prettier arrangement, and he decided that that would be the portion for the gods from now on. He later learned his mistake and how Prometheus had tricked him. He was willing to forgive and forget, until Prometheus angered him a second time.
Up until that point, only the gods had known about fire, which was created by Vulcan. Prometheus secretly stole some fire and gave it to the humans, so they could light their caves and keep themselves warm. It also provided the humans with hope, which Jove had intended to keep from them. As punishment for Prometheus’s actions, Jove condemned him to be tied to Mount Caucasus, where every day a vulture would come and eat him alive; at night, he would regenerate, so that the bird could begin anew the following morning. Since Prometheus was immortal, he remained this way for many thousands of centuries.
It was Prometheus’s knowledge of another secret that finally set him free; he knew that the water-nymph Thetis was destined to have a son that would be greater than his father. When he learned Jove was considering divorcing his own wife Juno and marrying Thetis instead, he warned the god that doing so would mean his downfall, and that any son he had with Thetis would overthrow him. In gratitude, Jove sent the hero Hercules to finally free Prometheus from the mountain and kill the vulture that had tortured him for so long.
Hercules, or Alcides.
Hercules, also called Herakles or Alcides, was the son of Alcmene, a queen of Mycenae. She was tricked into sleeping with Jove when he took on the form of her husband, and thus Hercules was conceived. When Jove’s wife Juno (called Hera by the Greeks) learned of this, she was so angry that she sent her friend Ilithyia, the Goddess of Childbirth, to prevent the baby from being delivered. Alcmene spent seven days in labor, and it was only when her clever maid Galanthis figured out what was going on and tricked Ilithyia into releasing her hold on Alcmene’s womb, that the baby was finally born. He was at fist named Alcides after his grandfather, but eventually the name Herakles, in honor of Hera, stuck to him.
Despite the name, Juno/Hera hated him all his life, even after he had grown up into one of the strongest men the world had ever seen. One day, she cursed him to go temporarily insane; when he came out of the stupor, he discovered that he had killed his wife and child. He prayed to the god Apollo for guidance in what to do, and Apollo replied that he should perform twelve tasks to atone for what he’d done.
The first task was to strangle a lion that was hunting in the fields of Nemea. It was no ordinary lion -- it was one of the sons of Typhon and Echinda, two monsters so frightening that even the gods couldn’t bear to look at them. Armed with a club and a bow-and-arrows, he tracked the lion down in the nearby forest. When he shot at it with his arrows, he discovered why no one else had gotten rid of it yet -- its skin was impenetrable, and the arrows all broke against it. He finally resorted to wrestling the lion with his bare hands and strangling it to death. Once he had killed it, he made a cloak and cowl from the creature’s skin to protect himself, since nothing could penetrate it.
His second task was to kill the monster Hydra, another one of Typhon’s offspring. Hydra was a giant water-snake with nine heads, one of which was immortal. The other eight could be killed, although another would always grow back in its place. The monster had deadly venom and breath so foul that just smelling it could kill a man. It had been eating people from the city of Lerna who ventured too close to the lake in which it lived. Hercules got rid of the monster by burning off its heads, cauterizing the wounds so that they couldn’t grow back; He the chopped off the immortal head and buried it under a huge boulder so it couldn’t harm anyone else. Before he left, his dipped his arrows in the creature’s venom, making their points especially deadly.
His third task was to capture the stag of Mount Cerynaea, which was so fast that it could outrun an arrow. He spent a year chasing the animal before he was able to shoot it when it stopped to drink some water. Though the stag was sacred to the goddess Diana, she was sympathetic to Hercules’s plight and did not get angry with him for taking it.
His fourth task was to capture, alive, a wild boar that had been killing people near Mount Erymanthus. He was able to chase the boar into a deep patch of snow where it got stuck, and sank. He then trapped it in a net and carried it off.
His fifth job was to clean the stables of king Augeas, who kept a huge number of horses. Hercules succeeded by diverting a river to wash away all the filth.
His sixth task was to destroy the flock of man-eating Stymphalian birds. They all gathered together on a lake, and would attack any man they saw. Hercules was stumped as to how to deal with them, until the Minerva, the Goddess of Wisdom, gave him a noise-maker that would scare the birds. When he rattled it, the birds flew away from him, frightened by the noise, and he was able to shoot them with his arrows as they fled.
His seventh task was to capture a ferocious bull that lived in Crete. He did this relatively easily, because he was stronger than the bull, and he was able to wrestle it down and carry it away.
The eighth task of Hercules was to capture the man-eating horses that belonged to the king of Thrace. Though he paused in Thessaly to save a kind-hearted woman from dying by wrestling away Death as he came for her, Hercules eventually came to the palace in Thrace. The king had no idea who Hercules was and planned to feed him to the horses; but when he brought the hero to them, Hercules threw the king into the stables instead and watched as he was devoured. While the horses were still full from this meal, Hercules was able to capture them.
The ninth labor was to obtain the belt of Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons -- a race of women warriors who were descended from the God of War. When Hercules arrived and explained what he was there for, the women treated him well, and Hippolyta was prepared to give over her belt without any fuss. But Juno interfered, telling the women that Hercules was really there to kidnap them. Since the Amazons had experienced such troubles in the past, they took the warning seriously and attacked him. He ended up killing Hippolyta and snatching the belt off of her dead body.
The tenth task was to steal the bright-red oxen that belonged to the monster named Geryon, another son of Typhon. The creature had three torsos, and Hercules had to kill them all if he wished to kill the monster. Using the arrows dipped in the poison of Geryon’s own brother Hydra, he killed off all the surplus torsos and smashed up the third one with his club, leaving Geryon unable to chase after him as he stole the oxen.
For the eleventh task, Hercules was to obtain some of the golden apples that grew in the Hesperides, which were guarded by another of Typhon’s children, a dragon named Landon. The apples belonged to Juno, so it seemed certain that she wouldn’t allow him to successfully obtain them. While he tried to figure out a solution, he was sent by Jove to release Prometheus from Mount Caucasis, where he was being punished. In return for releasing him, Prometheus told Hercules that the way to get the golden apples was to send Atlas to do it. So Hercules went to Atlas, the man whose job it was to hold the sky and earth in place on his shoulders, and asked if he would obtain the apples in exchange for Hercules taking up the earth and sky for a while. Atlas agreed, got the apples, then switched places with Hercules once again.
The twelfth and final task was to capture another of Typhon’s children, the dog Cerberus which guarded the underworld, making sure that dead souls didn’t escape and that living souls didn’t get in. This was the most dangerous of all the labors, and at the time no living person had ever successfully gone to the underworld and come back. Hercules went to that god Pluto, king of the underworld, and asked for the dog. Pluto agreed he could have it temporarily, provided he could capture it without causing it any injuries. Hercules did this successfully by wrestling it, and after taking the creature up to earth, safely returned it back to the underworld.
The Giants and Enceladus.
The Giants were horrible creatures, who bore a human form but which had scaly skin like a fish and long lizard-like tails, and snakes instead of feet. They were very hairy, and they armed themselves with spears and clubs. Despite their terrifying appearance, the gods liked them, and would often feast with them.
However, the goddess Tellus was angry with the other gods for imprisoning her children in Tartarus, the part of the underworld reserved for tormenting the wicked. She and the god Uranus had had several monstrous children, among them the humungous one-eyed Cyclopés and the hundred-handed Hecatoncheires, who embarrassed their father so much that he’d hidden them away there, with the cooperation of the other gods.
Planning to start a war, Tellus went to the Giants and convinced them to help her cause. They agreed, and began by piling all the mountains on top of each other, so that they overshadowed Mount Olympus, where the gods all lived. Then, from their perch, the Giants began to hurl rocks, trees and fire onto the homes of the gods in a surprise attack.
The gods were worried; the Giants could only be killed if a god and a mortal struck them at the same time. Minerva ran out and located Hercules, figuring that he could help them.
One by one, Hercules and the gods set about trying to kill the twenty-four giants. By the time they had gotten through seven of them, all the leaders, the Giants decided it was time to retreat. As they fled, Minerva threw a huge chunk of dirt at them, which landed on the Giant Enceladus, burying him, and thereby creating the island of Sicily.
I left out some other stories, which can be found in brief here:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles
2006-10-11 06:37:35
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answer #9
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answered by KdS 6
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