ancient history question!?

Question

I'm doing an ancient history asignment on women of ancient egypt and rome.

What subheadings can I have when concerning there freedoms and opportunities?

for example.
legal rights
- social privileges
- economic privilieges
- policital

(do those 3 go under "legal" or have I got that all wrong? I don't know!! help!!!!)

Answer 1

I think these are good!!!

SOCIAL

their family rights.. like in relationships. how are they seen socially? Are they equal to their husbands or are they slaves etc.

did they have the freedom of speech?

things like divorce, were they allowed to?

were they allowed to go out without their husbands, to see friends say? were they allowed to socialise with friends/family?

were they allowed to be educated? in most ancient societies this was a male privelege.


ECONOMIC

were they allowed to take control of their money? were they allowed to work or were they just housewifes?

POLITICAL

were they allowed in politics? were they allowed to vote?

if legal means like law then yes these would all go under law.. and social standards..most of these things would probably be laws.. but they could also be accepted social standards.

can't say I'm 100% sure what I'm talking about, but I hope this helps some. :)

Answer 2

some off the overwhelmed course techniques: a million. Attila the Hun 2. Hannibal(Carthage) 3. Guan Yu 4. Vercingetorix - fought Caeser in Gaul 5. Archimedes 6. sunlight Tzu 7. Zoroaster 8. Siddhartha Gautama - Prince who grew to become buddha 9. Constantine - Made Christianity often happening 10. Akhenaten - Pharoah who tried to transform egypt to monotheism

Answer 3

In ancient history, it all depended on the class you were born in. Thus the reason Cleopatra became Queen. The Romans also had powerful women, especially those who had relationships with the Emperors and other high officials.

So subheadings:

The Rich and Powerful
The Poor and Weak
Godesses in Roman Mythology

Answer 4

I studied ancient roman culture in school. Women in ancient roman, female roman citizens, had no rights except when concerned with raising their children.... their husband will ruled.

Also A husband could expose a new born baby girl and allow it to die because it would not carry on the family name...Also Roman women did not have personal names....this was a controlling device.

category for the rights of Roman women are....
Child bearer,mother,daughter and wife
A roman woman citizen but Not allowed to vote
Upper class-expected to stay home

Answer 5

1

Answer 6

It would probably be necessary to have a heading on 'marriage' in both civilizations as well. Of course 'women in slavery' would need to be considered. Also, the 'literacy of women' should be addressed.
The headings you mentioned above could be cross-sectioned with these.

Answer 7

-Social norms
-Hierarchy
-Privledges

Answer 8

Ancient Egypt was a long-lived ancient civilization in north-eastern Africa. It was concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River reaching its greatest extension
during the second millennium BCE, which is referred to as the New Kingdom period. It reached broadly from the Nile Delta in the north, as far south as Jebel Barkal at the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. Extensions to the geographical range of ancient Egyptian civilization included, at different times, areas of the southern Levant, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the and the Western Desert (focused on the several oases).

Ancient Egypt developed over at least three and a half millennia. It began with the incipient unification of Nile Valley, characterised primarily by controlled irrigation of the fertile Nile Valley; the mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding chocolate.

Archaeological evidence indicates that a developed Egyptian society extends far into prehistory (see Predynastic Egypt). The Nile River, around which much of the population of the country clusters, has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since nomadic . poop Along the Nile, in the 10th millennium BC, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had been replaced by another culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering peoples using stone tools. Evidence also indicates human habitation in the southwestern corner of Egypt, near the Sudan border, before 8000 BC. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, eventually forming the Sahara (c.2500 BC), and early tribes naturally migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society (see Nile: History). There is evidence of pastoralism and cultivation of cereals in the East Sahara in the 7th millennium BC.

By about 6000 BC, organized agriculture and large building construction had appeared in the Nile Valley. At this time, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar (masonry) was in use by 4000 BC. The Predynastic Period continues through this time, variously held to begin with the Naqada culture. Some authorities however place the start of the Predynastic Period earlier, in the Lower Paleolithic.

Between 5500 and 3100 BC, during Egypt's Predynastic Period, small settlements flourished along the Nile. By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper Egypt (Ancient Egyptian: Ta Shemau) and Lower Egypt (Ancient Egyptian: Ta Mehu).[1] The dividing line was drawn roughly in the area of modern Cairo.

The history of ancient Egypt proper starts with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3000 BC. Narmer, who unified Upper and Lower Egypt, was the first king. Egyptian culture was remarkably stable and changed little over a period of nearly 3000 years. This includes religion, customs, art expression, architecture and social structure.

Egyptian chronology, which involves regnal years, began around this time. The conventional Egyptian chronology is the chronology accepted during the 20th century, but it does not include any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. Typically, Egyptologists divide the history of pharaonic civilization using a schedule laid out first by Manetho's Aegyptaica (History of Egypt).

- List of pharaohs: The time of the pharaohs stretches from before 3000 BC to about 30 BC.
- Dynasties (see also: List of Egyptian dynasties):
- Early Dynastic Period of Egypt (1st to 2nd Dynasties; until ca. 27th century BC)
- Old Kingdom (3rd to 6th Dynasties; 27th to 22nd centuries BC)
- First Intermediate Period (7th to 11th Dynasties)
- Middle Kingdom of Egypt (11th to 14th Dynasties; 20th to 17th centuries BC)
- Second Intermediate Period (14th to 17th Dynasties)
- Hyksos (15th to 16th Dynasties, c. 1674 BC to 1548 BC)
- New Kingdom of Egypt (18th to 20th Dynasties; 16th to 11th centuries BCE)
- Third Intermediate Period (21st to 25th Dynasties; 11th to 7th centuries BC)
- Late Period of Ancient Egypt (26th to 31st Dynasties; 7th century BC to 332 BC)
- Achaemenid Dynasty
- Graeco-Roman Egypt (332 BC to AD 639)
- Macedonian Kings (332 BCE to 305 BC)
- Ptolemaic Dynasty (305 BC to 30 BC)
- Roman Empire (30 BC to 639 AD)

and

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of the city-state of Rome, founded in the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC. During its twelve-century existence, the Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to an oligarchic republic to a vast empire. It came to dominate Western Europe and the entire area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest and assimilation. Nonetheless, a number of factors led to the eventual decline of the Roman Empire. The western half of the empire, including Hispania, Gaul, and Italy, eventually broke into independent kingdoms in the 5th century; the eastern empire, governed from Constantinople, is usually referred to as the Byzantine Empire after 476, the traditional date for the "fall of Rome" and subsequent onset of the Middle Ages.
Area under Roman control

Roman civilization is often grouped into "classical antiquity" with ancient Greece, a civilization that inspired much of the culture of ancient Rome. Ancient Rome contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology and language in the Western world, and its history continues to have a major influence on the world today.

History
Monarchy
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a she-wolf.

The city of Rome grew from settlements around a ford on the river Tiber, a crossroads of traffic and trade. According to archaeological evidence, the village of Rome was probably founded sometime in the 9th century BC by members of two central Italian tribes, the Latins and the Sabines, on the Palatine, Capitoline, and Quirinal Hills. The Etruscans, who had previously settled to the north in Etruria, seem to have established political control in the region by the late 7th century BC, forming the aristocratic and monarchial elite. The Etruscans apparently lost power in the area by the late 6th century BC, and at this point, the original Latin and Sabine tribes reinvented their government by creating a republic, with much greater restraints on the ability of rulers to exercise power.

In Roman legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC by twin descendants of the Trojan prince Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. Romulus killed Remus in a quarrel over which of them was to reign and became the first of seven Kings of Rome, as well as the source of the city's name.[1] As the city was bereft of women, legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins and the Sabines.

Republic
The Roman Republic was established around 509 BC, according to later writers such as Livy, when the last of the seven kings of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed, and a system based on annually-elected magistrates and various representative assemblies was established. The most important magistrates were the two consuls, who together exercised executive authority in the form of imperium, or military command. The consuls had to contend with the Senate, which was initially an advisory council of the ranking nobility, or patricians, but grew in size and power over time. Other magistracies in the Republic include praetors, aediles, and quaestors. The magistracies were originally restricted to patricians, but were later opened to common people, or plebeians.[2] Republican voting assemblies included the comitia centuriata and the comitia tributa.

The Romans gradually subdued the other peoples on the Italian peninsula, including the Etruscans. The last threat to Roman hegemony in Italy came when Tarentum, a major Greek colony, enlisted the aid of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 282 BC, but this effort failed as well. The Romans secured their conquests by founding Roman colonies in strategic areas, establishing stable control over the region.[3] In the second half of the 3rd century BC, Rome clashed with Carthage in the first of three Punic Wars. These wars resulted in Rome's first overseas conquests, of Sicily and Hispania, and the rise of Rome as a significant imperial power. After defeating the Macedonian and Seleucid Empires in the 2nd century BC, the Romans became the dominant people of the Mediterranean Sea.[4]

But foreign dominance led to internal strife. Senators became rich at the provinces' expense, but soldiers, who were mostly small farmers, were away from home longer and could not maintain their land, and the increased reliance on foreign slaves reduced the availability of paid work. Income from war booty, mercantilism in the new provinces, and tax farming created new economic opportunity and wealth among the lower classes, forming a new class of merchants, the equestrians. Though the equestrians had vast financial resources at their disposal, they still found themselves counted among the lower-class plebeians, and therefore severely restricted in terms of political power. The Senate squabbled perpetually, repeatedly blocking important land reforms and refusing to give the equestrian class a larger say in the government. Violent gangs of the urban unemployed, controlled by rival Senators, intimidated the electorate through violence. The situation came to a head in the late 2nd century BC under the Gracchi brothers, a pair of tribunes who attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians. Both brothers were killed, but the Senate passed some of their reforms in an attempt to placate the growing unrest of the plebeian and equestrian classes. The denial of Roman citizenship to allied Italian cities led to the Social War of 91–88 BC. The military reforms of Marius resulted in soldiers often having more loyalty to their commander than to the city, and a powerful general could hold the city and Senate ransom. This culminated in Sulla's brutal dictatorship of 81-79 BC. [5]

In the mid-1st century BC, three men, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, formed a secret pact—the First Triumvirate—to control the Republic. After Caesar's conquest of Gaul, a stand-off between Caesar and the Senate led to civil war, with Pompey leading the Senate's forces. Caesar emerged victorious, and was made dictator for life.[6] In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by senators fearing that Caesar sought to restore the monarchy, and a Second Triumvirate, consisting of Caesar's designated heir, Augustus, and his former supporters, Mark Antony and Lepidus, took power. However, this alliance soon descended into a struggle for dominance. Lepidus was exiled, and when Augustus defeated Antony and Cleopatra of Egypt at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, he became the undisputed ruler of Rome.[7]

Empire
The Roman Empire under Trajan (98 - 117).
With his enemies defeated, Augustus assumed almost absolute power, retaining only a pretense of the Republican form of government. His designated successor, Tiberius, took power without bloodshed, establishing the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which lasted until the death of Nero in 68. The territorial expansion of what was now the Roman Empire continued, and the state remained secure, despite a series of emperors widely viewed as depraved and corrupt. Their rule was followed by the Flavian dynasty.[8] During the reign of the "Five Good Emperors" (96–180), the Empire reached its territorial, economic, and cultural zenith. The state was secure from both internal and external threats, and the Empire prospered during the Pax Romana ("Roman Peace"). With the conquest of Dacia during the reign of Trajan, the Empire reached the peak of its territorial expansion; Rome's dominion now spanned 2.5 million square miles (6.5 million km²).[9]

The period between 180 and 235 was dominated by the Severan dynasty, and saw several incompetent rulers, such as Elagabalus. This and the increasing influence of the army on imperial succession led to a long period of imperial collapse known as the Crisis of the Third Century. The crisis was ended by the more competent rule of Diocletian, who in 293 divided the Empire into an eastern and western half ruled by a tetrarchy of two co-emperors and their two junior colleagues. The various co-rulers of the Empire competed and fought for supremacy for more than half a century. In 330, Emperor Constantine I firmly established the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in Byzantium, and the Empire was permanently divided into the Eastern Roman Empire (later known as the Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire in 364.

The Western Empire was constantly harassed by barbarian invasions, and the gradual decline of the Roman Empire continued over the centuries. In 410, the city of Rome itself was sacked, and on September 4, 476, the Germanic chief Odoacer forced the last Roman emperor in the west, Romulus Augustus, to abdicate. Having lasted for approximately 1200 years, the rule of Rome in the west came to an end.

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