Questions on Hydrogen?

Question

Which elements does hydrogen form compounds with?
Is it found in a gemstone?
Does our body ues it?
Is it toxic to us?
How do chemists et hydrogen in its pure form, isolation?


Thanks!

Answer 1

It forms compounds with more elements than I care to list.
It is found in gemstones.
Our body does use it (actually is mostly composed of it in the form of water).
It is toxic to us in the right amount- everything is.
Gas chromatography is one way to isolate it.

Answer 2

Hydrogen (Latin: 'hydrogenium', from Ancient Greek: hydro: "water" and genes: "forming") is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and atomic number 1. At standard temperature and pressure it is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, univalent, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas (H2). With an atomic mass of 1.00794 g/mol, hydrogen is the lightest element. It is also the most abundant, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental matter.[1] Stars in their main sequence are overwhelmingly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth, and is industrially produced from hydrocarbons, after which most free hydrogen is used "captively" (meaning locally at the production site), with the largest markets about equally divided between fossil fuel upgrading (e.g. hydrocracking) and in ammonia production (mostly for the fertilizer market).

The most common naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen contains one electron and an atomic nucleus of one proton. In ionic compounds it can take on either a positive charge (becoming a cation, a bare proton) or a negative charge (becoming an anion known as a hydride). Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and all organic compounds. It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry, in which many reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. As the only element for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.

Answer 3

Hydrogen forms compounds with nearly all elements except the inert ones, like neon and krypton.
I don't know of it in a gemstone.
A great deal of our bodies are hydrogen in the form of water, and thousands of organic (carbon containing)
compounds.
It is not toxic. It is flammable, and the flame is invisible.
It made by electrolysis of water, giving hydrogen and oxygen.

Answer 4

1. Carbon and oxygen come to mind (Glucose: C6H1206, water: H2O)
2. probably
3. Yes (glucose and water, among many examples)
4. It can be (as hydrochloric acid), although I don't know if pure hydrogen is. Since we aren't designed to breath hydrogen, I would guess so.
5. Water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen via electricity.

Answer 5

Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Radius: 78 pm
Atomic Symbol: H Melting Point: - 259.34 ?C
Atomic Weight: 1.0079 Boiling Point: -252.87 ?C
Electron Configuration: 1s1 Oxidation States: 1, -1

History
(Gr. hydro: water, and genes: forming) Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1776.

Named by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe. The heavier elements were originally made from hydrogen atoms or from other elements that were originally made from hydrogen atoms.

Sources
Hydrogen is estimated to make up more than 90% of all the atoms -- three quarters of the mass of the universe! This element is found in the stars, and plays an important part in powering the universe through both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle. Stellar hydrogen fusion processes release massive amounts of energy by combining hydrogens to form Helium.

Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Hydrogen is prepared by

steam on heated carbon,

decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat,

reaction of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum

electrolysis of water, or

displacement from acids by certain metals.
Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only 20 degrees above absolute zero.

Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb.

Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic hydrogen.

In 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore, California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature.

Compounds
Although pure hydrogen is a gas, we find very little of it in our atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is so light that, uncombined, hydrogen will gain enough velocity from collisions with other gases that they will quickly be ejected from the atmosphere. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only less than 1 ppm by volume. The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with other elements -- sometimes explosively -- to form compounds.

Uses
Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for nitrogen fixation using the Haber ammonia process, and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. Other uses include rocket fuel, welding, producing hydrochloric acid, reducing metallic ores, and filling balloons.

The lifting power of 1 cubic foot of hydrogen gas is about 0.07 lb at 0C, 760 mm pressure.

The Hydrogen Fuel cell is a developing technology that will allow great amounts of electrical power to be obtained using a source of hydrogen gas.

Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high cost of hydrogen with respect to today's fuels are but a few of the problems facing such an economy. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze seawater; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene.

Forms
Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that under ordinary conditions hydrogen gas is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei.

Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1oC lower than those of normal hydrogen.

Isotopes
The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as Protium, the other two isotopes are Deuterium (a proton and a neutron) and Tritium (a protron and two neutrons). Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have been given different names. Deuterium and Tritium are both used as fuel in nuclear fusion reactors. One atom of Deuterium is found in about 6000 ordinary hydrogen atoms.

Deuterium is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons. Tritium atoms are also present but in much smaller proportions. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen (fusion) bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous paints, and as a tracer.