notes about decentralisation?

Question

decentralisation its major elements,concerns, areas of intrest.

Answer 1

Decentralization is the policy of delegating decision-making authority through out an organization, relatively away from a central authority. Some features of a decentralized organization are fewer tiers to the organizational structure, wider span of control, and a bottom-to-top flow of decision-effecting ideas.

The organizational structure of the United States Military is an example of a centralized organization. In that organization, many organization-effecting decisions are made by executive level officials or preset policies. These decisions or policies are then enforced by several tiers of the organization upon gradually broader spans of control until it reaches the bottom tier of soldiers or workers.

In a more decentralized organization, the top executives delegate much of their decision-making authority to lower tiers of the organizational structure. As a correlation, the organization is likely to run on less rigid policies and wider spans of control among each officer of the organization. The wider spans of control also reduces the number of tiers within the organization, giving its structure a flat appearance. One advantage of this structure, if the correct controls are in place, will be the bottom-to-top flow of information, allowing all decisions among any official of the organization to be well informed about lower tier operations. For example, an experienced technician at the lowest tier of an organization might know how to increase the efficiency of the production, the bottom-to-top flow of information can allow for this knowledge to pass up to the executive officers.

Answer 2

Decentralization is the process of dispersing decision-making closer to the point of service or action. It occurs in a great many contexts in engineering, management science, political science, political economy, sociology and economics — each of which could be said to study mass decision-making by groups, too large to consult with each other very directly.

Law and science can also be said to be highly decentralized human practices. There are serious studies of how causality and correlations of phenomenon can respectively be determined and agreed across an entire nation, or indeed across the entire human species spread across the planet. While such institutions as the International Criminal Court or Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change seem highly centralized, in fact they rely so heavily on the underlying legal and scientific processes that they can be said to simply reflect, as opposed to impose, global opinion.

A central theme in all kinds of decentralization is the difference between a hierarchy, based on:

authority: two players in an unequal-power relationship; and
an interface: a lateral relationship between two players of roughly equal power.
The more decentralized a system is, the more it relies on lateral relationships, and the less it can rely on command or force. In most branches of engineering and economics, decentralization is narrowly defined as the study of markets and interfaces between parts of a system. This is most highly developed as general systems theory and neoclassical political economy.

Answer 3

Decentralization ables the local governments to exercise independent actions without intervention by the central government but must be within the laws.

Answer 4

read twelve trees..