what are the structural differences among chlorine atoms, chlorine molecules, and chloride ions?

Answer 1

A chlorine atom (Cl) has 17 protons, 17 electrons, and roughly 18 neutronw (depending on the specific isotope). It is electrically neutral, but only has 7 electrons in the valence shell. It is generally unstable in nature.

A chlorine molecule (Cl2) has two chlorine atoms that share a pair of electrons, thus giving them effectively filled valence shells.

A chloride ion (Cl-) is a chlorine atom with an extra electron, which is why it has a negative charge. The extra electron fills the valence shell, making it similar to the electron shell of argon.

Answer 2

Chlorine Atoms -- this is *one* chlorine so 17p, 17e, 18n

Chlorine Molecules -- this is *two* chlorines covalently linked (share one pair of electrons) Cl-Cl

Chloride Ion -- The chlorine atom has accepted one electron from an electrophile/metal/sodium 17p, 18e, 18n, negative one charge