Why did the Italian Risorgimento fail in 1849?

Question

I've got an essay,you know any good site about the subject?

Answer 1

19th century movement for Italian unification inspired by the realities of the new economic and political forces at work after 1815, the liberal and nationalist ideologies spawned by the French Revolution of 1789, and the ideas of eighteenth century Italian reformers and illuministi. The Risorgimento had two distinct phases: the first, idealistic, romantic, revolutionary began in 1815 and climaxed in the revolutions of 1848-49; the second, pragmatic, diplomatic, practical during the 1850s culminated in the creation of a united Italian kingdom by 1861. The Risorgimento had a two-fold si gnificance. As a manifestation of the nationalism sweeping over Europe during the nineteenth century, the Risorgimento aimed to unite Italy under one flag and one government. For many Italians, however, Risorgimento meant more than political unity. It described a movement for the renewal of Italian society and people beyond purely political aims. Among Italian patriots the common denominator was a desire for freedom from foreign control, liberalism, and constitutionalism. They agreed on the need for unity among the various states and for constitutional guarantees of personal liberty and rights. They disagreed, however, on whether such unity should be under a confederation or a centralized form of government. There was further disagreement on whether a united Italy should be a republic or a monarchy. It was on these issues that endeavors to mesh the revolutionary initiatives of 1848-49 foundered. Radicals distrusted moderates, unitarians and federalists disagreed, republicans condemned monarchists. Such distrust and disagreement undermined attempts to create an Italian Legion, or common army, to agree on a preliminary constitution applicable to all parts of Italy, and above all to present a united front against their common enemies, embodied in the Austrian armies under Marshal Radetzky. The biennium 1848-1849 marked the apex of the revolutionary, idealistic movement with the initial participation of all factions and popular support from all classes. From Sicily, where the first European revolution of those years broke out in January 1848, to the northern states of Piedmont-Sardinia, Lombardy, and Venetia, people took to the streets against their rulers, be they Austrians or native rulers. Everywhere, Italians joined in what they felt to be truly their Risorgimento. But ideological and dynastic rivalries and divisions prevented a united effort. The Neapolitan king Ferdinand II and Pope Pius IX withdrew their support from the common war against Austria. Consequently, plans for an Italian League and army collapsed. The revolutionary republics established in central Italy and Venice fought their battles alone after the army of Charles Albert, King of Piedmont-Sardinia, was twice defeated by the redoubtable Austrian commander Marshall Radetzky (1766-1858). By summer 1849 Italian insurgency had collapsed. In July, despite stubborn resistance, the Roman Republic fell to French forces sent to restore the pope to his See. In August, Venice under Daniele Manin (1804-1857) finally capitulated to Radetzky. The heroic, revolutionary phase of the Risorgimento was over. Its legacy and its lessons, however, paved the way for the cautious deliberate diplomacy of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861), prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia after 1852. Cavour used the threat of potential revolutionary resurgence to persuade conservative opinion that an Italy united under the House of Savoy, the dynasty of Piedmont-Sardinia, would be a force for stability. The only Italian state with a constitution and an elected parliament after 1849, Piedmont-Sardinia exerted a powerful attraction for the large majority of Italian nationalists who accepted its leadership. A new consensus emerged among all nationalist elements, except for Mazzini's followers and other democrats who continued to believe in popular revolution. By 1859 Cavour, assured of French military support in a war against Austria and secure of the support of the Italian National Society, a coalition of non-Mazzinian nationalists, provoked the conflict. As a result, Austria was forced to cede Lombardy to Piedmont-Sardinia. A series of upheavals in the states of central Italy overturned the rulers and a successful campaign in southern Italy by Garibaldi and his Thousand unseated the Bourbons. Thus on March 12, 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in Turin (capital of Piedmont-Sardinia) by a parliament in which sat elected representatives from all parts of Italy, except Venetia which remained under Austrian rule until 1866 and the city of Rome under papal control until 1870. By 1870 the aims of the political Risorgimento had been achieved, but many Italians, among them Mazzini and his followers, still sought the true Risorgimento, or rebirth of the Italian people.

-----------------------------------------

Answer 2

Never making an attempt is WORSE! Because in case you consider approximately it, you would simply check out whatever new and fail at it immediately, however failing is what is helping you be trained! Failing is helping you determine a method to proper the error! Because if we under no circumstances failed at a few factor in our lives, absolutely the whole thing we have now performed is simply too handy for us! And there may be relatively not anything amusing approximately whatever being approach too handy for us! Think of this as a online game. If you fail at a targeted stage plenty of occasions, that is ok, on account that as you determine increasingly approaches to edit what you are doing mistaken, you would simply beat that stage! But in case you under no circumstances attempt to beat that stage, then whilst you invite a pal over to play the identical recreation and you are hopelessly failing to move that stage, you can be embarrassed! If you under no circumstances check out, you can under no circumstances recognize. But in case you fail, no less than you can have a few force to triumph over your beyond errors! Bottom Line: If you do not check out, you can fail robotically. But in case you try to fail, you can ultimately be trained to get well at it in case you hold at it.

Answer 3

Italian unification (called in Italian the Risorgimento, or "Resurgence") was the political and social process that unified disparate states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy between the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

It is difficult to pin down exact dates for the beginning and end of Italian reunification, but most scholars agree that it began with the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the end of Napoleon's rule, and largely ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last irredented cities did not join the Kingdom of Italy until the Treaty of Saint-Germain after World War I.

Revolutions of 1848–49
In January 1848, revolutionary disturbance began on the island of Sicily. Soon, revolution was spreading throughout the continent. In February 1848, King Louis Philippe of France was forced to flee, and a republic was proclaimed. It was inevitable that this disturbance would spread to Italy, and indeed revolutionaries forced constitutions upon most of the Italian rulers, while uprisings in Milan and Venice temporarily ousted the Austrians.

Soon, Charles Albert, the King of Sardinia, decided that this was the moment for unifying Italy. Proclaiming that "Italy will make herself by herself," he declared war on Austria. He was decisively defeated at the Battle of Custoza on July 24, by the Austrian Marshal Josef Radetzky. An armistice was quickly agreed to, and Radetzky was able to regain control of all of Lombardy-Venetia save Venice itself, where a republic was proclaimed under Daniele Manin.


GaribaldiWhile Radetzky consolidated control of Lombardy-Venetia and Charles Albert licked his wounds, matters began to take a more serious turn in other parts of Italy. The monarchs who had so reluctantly agreed to constitutions in March began to come into conflict with their constitutional ministers, often leading to outright conflict. At first, the republics had the upper hand, forcing the monarchs to flee their capitals. This included the Pope.

Pius IX had been initially seen as something of a reformer, but conflicts with the revolutionaries led him to sour on the idea of constitutional government. In November 1848, following the assassination of his Minister Pellegrino Rossi, Pius IX fled Rome. Subsequently, Garibaldi and other patriots arrived in Rome. In early 1849, elections were held for a Constituent Assembly, which proclaimed a Roman Republic on February 9. During a political rally in February 1849, a young Roman priest, the Abbé Arduini, described the temporal power of the popes as a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality." [Jasper Ridley, Garibaldi, p. 268]. In early March 1849, Mazzini arrived in Rome and was appointed Chief Minister. In the Constitution of the Roman Republic[1], religious freedom was guaranteed by article 7, the independence of the pope as head of the Catholic Church was guaranteed by article 8 of the "Principi fondamentali", while the death penalty was abolished by article 5, and free public education was provided by article 8 of the "Titolo I".

Before the powers had a chance to respond to the founding of the Roman Republic, Charles Albert, whose army had been trained in the meanwhile by the exiled Polish general Albert Chrzanowski, determined to renew the war with Austria. He was quickly defeated by Radetzky at Novara on March 23, 1849. This time the defeat was final. Charles Albert himself abdicated in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel II, and all Piedmontese ambitions to unite Italy or conquer Lombardy were, for the moment at least, brought to an end. The war was formally ended by a treaty signed on August 9. A popular revolt broke out in Brescia in the very day of the Novara defeat, but was fiercily suppressed by the Austrians ten days later.

There remained the Roman and Venetian Republics. In April a French force under Nicolas Oudinot was sent to Rome. Apparently, the French wished to mediate between the Pope and his subjects, but soon the French were forced to take sides, and determined to restore the Pope. After a two month siege, Rome capitulated on June 29, 1849, and the Pope was restored. Garibaldi and Mazzini once again fled into exile — in 1850 Garibaldi became a resident of New York City. Meanwhile, the Austrians besieged Venice, which was forced to surrender on August 24. The Austrians also moved to restore order in central Italy, restoring the princes who had been expelled and establishing their control over the Papal Legations. The revolutions were thus completely crushed
(Italian Reunification-Wikepedia)

I have given the site as wanted by you. i have,however,eptoised the causes of failure of the movemen for reunification of Italy in 1848 which may be adequate for your purpose.