Pangaea comes from the Greek roots "pan" meaning "all" and "Gaea" meaning "Earth." So it's "all of the Earth." Pangaea is the best known of the several supercontinents that have formed in Earth's history, consisting of all the land in the world. Pangaea began to break apart about 180 million years ago (mya). However, there were other supercontinents prior to that. Rodinia existed from about 1000 mya to 800 mya, and Pannotia from about 600 mya to 540 mya. In the future, geologists believe a new supercontinent, Pangaea Ultima, will form in about 250 million years.
2006-09-30 05:11:48
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answer #1
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answered by DavidK93 7
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Pangaea or Pangea (derived from Παγγαία, Greek meaning 'all earth') is the name given to the supercontinent that is believed to have existed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, before the process of plate tectonics separated each of the component continents into their current configuration. The name was apparently first used by the German Alfred Wegener, chief proponent of the continental drift theory, in 1920.
In configuration, Pangaea is believed to have been a C-shaped landmass that spread across the equator. The body of water that was believed to have been enclosed within the resulting crescent has been named the Tethys Sea. Owing to Pangaea's massive size, the inland regions appear to have been very dry, due to the lack of precipitation. The large supercontinent would potentially have allowed terrestrial animals to migrate freely all the way from the South Pole to the North Pole.
The vast ocean that once surrounded the supercontinent of Pangaea has been named Panthalassa. Pangaea is believed to have broken up about 180 million years ago (mya) in the Jurassic Period, first into two supercontinents (Gondwana to the south and Laurasia to the north), thereafter into the continents as we understand them today.
Formation of Pangaea
Rodinia, which formed 1100 million years ago during the Cambrian, was the supercontinent from which all subsequent continents, sub or super, derived. Rodinia does not preclude the possibility of prior supercontinents as the breakup and formation of supercontinents appear to be cyclical through Earth's 4.6 billion years. Gondwana followed with several iterations before the formation of Pangaea, which began right after the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia, before the beginning of the Paleozoic Era and the Phanerozoic Eon. The minor supercontinent of Proto-Laurasia, rifted away from Gondwana, and moved northwards. A new ocean was forming between the two continents, the Proto-Tethys Ocean. Soon, Proto-Laurasia rifted apart to create Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica. The rifting also spawned two new oceans, Iapetus and Khanty Oceans. Baltica remained east of Laurentia, and Siberia sat northeast of Laurentia.
In Cambrian the independent continent of Laurentia on what will become North America at on the equator, with three bordering oceans of Panthalassic Ocean to the north and west and Iapetus Ocean to south, and Khanty Ocean to the east. In the Earliest Ordovician, the microcontinent of Avalonia, a landmass that will become the northeatern United States, Nova Scotia, and England, broke free from Gondwana and began its journey to Laurentia. Baltica collided with Laurentia by the end of Ordovician, and Avalonia collided with Baltica and Laurentia. Laurentia, Baltica, and Avalonia formed to create a minor supercontinent of Euramerica or Laurussia, closing the Iapetus Ocean, while the Rheic Ocean expanded in the southern coast of Avalonia. The collision also resulted the formation of Northern Appalachians. Siberia sat near Euramerica, with Khanty Ocean between the two continents. While all this is happening, Gondwana drifted slowly towards the South Pole. This is the first step of the formation of Pangaea.
The second step in the formation of Pangaea is the collision of Gondwana with Euramerica. By Silurian time, Baltica had already collided with Laurentia to form Euramerica. Avalonia hadn't collided with Laurentia yet, and a seaway between them was a remnant of Iapetus Ocean. Meanwhile, southern Europe fragmented from Gondwana and started to head towards Euramerica across the newly formed Rheic Ocean and collided with southern Baltica in the Devonian. But this microcontinent was an underwater plate. By Late Silurian stage, North and South China rifted away from Gondwana and starts to head northward to across the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. In the Devonian Period, Gondwana itself headed towards Euramerica, this caused the Rheic Ocean to shrink. In the Early Carboniferous, northwest Africa had touched the southeastern coast of Euramerica, creating the southern portion of Appalachian Mountains, and the Meseta Mountains. South America moved northward to southern Euramerica, while the eastern portion of Gondwana (India, Antarctica, and Australia) head towards the South Pole from the equator. North China and South China were an independent continents. Kazakstania microcontinent had collided with Siberia (Siberian continent has been a separate continent for millions of years since the deformation of the supercontinent Pannotia) in the Middle Carboniferous. Western Kazakstania collided with Baltica in the Late Carboniferous, closing the Ural Ocean between them, the formation of Ural Mountains, and the formation of the supercontinent of Laurasia. This was the last step of the formation of Pangaea.
Meanwhile, South America had collided with southern Laurentia, closing the Rheic Ocean, and forming of the Southernmost part of the Appalachians and Ouachita Mountains. By this time, Gondwana was positioned near the South Pole, and glaciers were forming in Antarctica, India, Australia, and southern Africa and South America. North China block collided with Siberia by Early Permian time. Also, at the same time, the Cimmerian plate started rift away from Gondwana and headed towards Laurasia, with a new ocean forming in its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, and the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Most of the landmasses were all in one. By the Triassic Period, Pangaea rotated a little, towards the southwest direction. The Cimmerian Plate was still travelling across the shrinking Paleo-Tethys, until the Middle Jurassic Time. Paleo-Tethys had closed from west to east, creating the Cimmerian Orogeny. Pangaea looked like a "C", with an ocean inside the "C", the new Tethys Ocean. But Pangaea rifted by the Middle Jurassic, and its deformation is explained below.
2006-09-30 20:06:24
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answer #9
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answered by Anonymous
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