Hinduism
Hinduism, the major religion of India, is one of the oldest living religions in the world.
It evolved in India. Most Hindus live in India, where 83 per cent of the population is Hindu. Hinduism in India affects family life, food, dress, and architecture.
Hinduism has been the most important influence on the culture of India. For example, the caste system of India is a basic part of Hinduism. The caste system determines the way of life of most Hindus, including what occupations they enter.
Beliefs of Hinduism: The word Hindu is of ancient Persian origin. The Persians used the word to describe people who lived beyond the River Indus (called Sindhu in the ancient Sanskrit language) and their religion.
Many Hindus themselves call their faith Sanatana Dharma, meaning the eternal or ancient religion. Hinduism includes the Varna-ashrama-dharma. This phrase refers to the duties of the four varnas, or social divisions, and the ashramas, or stages in life.
Unlike other major religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, Hinduism was not founded on the teachings of one person. It developed gradually over thousands of years. Many sects (groups) arose within Hinduism, and each developed its own philosophy and form of worship.
Hinduism has many sacred books divided into Shruti (revealed or heard), and Smriti (remembered) texts.
Generally speaking, most Hindus believe in the authority of the Vedas, the oldest Hindu scriptures and the oldest sacred writings of any major religion. A Hindu also accepts the teachings of the Dharma-Shastras, or ancient law books, and the philosophical writings of the Upanishads and the Bhagavad-Gita. Most Hindus believe in a supreme spirit, called BrahmaSwarup , and in the reincarnation of a person's atman, or soul. Hindus must practise satya (truth) and ahimsa (noninjury).
They must respect other people's property. Every Hindu follows the dharma (religious and moral duty) of varna, jati (caste), kula (family), and ashrama as best they can. Hindus believe in life after death. An individual can follow various paths to achieve moksha (release from the cycle of birth and rebirth), and ultimate union with BrahmaSwarup, or God. Divinities.
The Hindu idea of a supreme power, or God, evolved from the ancient writing of the Rig-Veda (as early as 1500 B.C.) to the early verse stories called the Puranas (from the 500's A.D.). The deities of the Rig-Veda represent natural forces. They include Indra (thunder), Agni (fire), Varuna (waters), Mitra (daylight), Rudra (storms), Ushas (dawn), Prithivi (earth), and the gods called the Adityas (light). Hindu philosophers believed that these gods were different forms of the supreme spirit.
The three most important aspects of Brahma Swarup are BrahmaSwarup, the Creator of the Universe; Vishnu, the Preserver; and Shiva, the Destroyer and Regenerator. These three male deities are represented by a single image called the Trimurti. Their female consorts are respectively Saraswati, goddess of learning and the arts; Lakshmi, goddess of good fortune; and Shakti (also known as Parvati), the Mother Goddess. Shakti, in her destructive mood, is known as Durga or Kali. Other important deities of modern Hinduism are Ganesha, the elephant-headed god who removes obstacles; Hanuman, the personification of devotion and strength; and Kartikeya or SuBrahmaSwarup , who is widely worshipped in south India. All these gods are aspects of BrahmaSwarup . Hindus believe that Vishnu, the Preserver, came down to earth in nine Avatars, or incarnations, to protect humankind; the tenth incarnation is still to come.
Modern Hinduism is developing in many ways. There are several modern examples of sectarian worship such as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (the Hare-Krishna Movement), the Swaminarayan Religion, and the Sathya Sai Baba Movement. These forms of Hinduism lay great emphasis on worship through bhakti (devotion).
2006-09-26 22:04:07
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