is there more than two types diabetes?

Answer 1

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Type 1 Diabetes
Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatments

Type 1 Diabetes is much less common than Type 2 Diabetes and typically affects younger individuals. Type 1 Diabetes usually begins before age 40 although there are exceptions. In the United States, the peak age at diagnosis is around 14. Type 1 Diabetes is associated with deficiency (or lack) of insulin. It is not known why, but the pancreatic islet cells quit producing insulin in the quantities needed to maintain a normal blood glucose level. Without sufficient insulin, the blood glucose rises to levels which can cause some of the common symptoms of hyperglycemia. These individuals seek medical help when these symptoms arise, but they often will experience weight loss developing over several days associated with the onset of their diabetes. The onset of these first symptoms may be fairly abrupt or more gradual.



Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes

It has been estimated that the yearly incidence of Type 1 diabetes developing is 3.7 to 20 per 100,000. More than 700,000 Americans have this type of diabetes. This is about 10 percent of all Americans diagnosed with diabetes...the other 90 percent have Type 2 Diabetes.


Causes of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes usually develops due to an autoimmune disorder. This is when the body's immune system behaves inappropriately and starts seeing one of it's own tissues as foreign. In the case of Type 1 Diabetes, the islet cells of the pancreas that produce insulin are seen as the "enemy" by mistake. The body then creates antibodies to fight the "foreign" tissue and destroys the islet cells ability to produce insulin. The lack of sufficient insulin thereby results in diabetes. It is unknown why this autoimmune diabetes develops. Most often it is a genetic tendency. Sometimes it follows a viral infection such as mumps, rubella, cytomegalovirus, measles, influenza, encephalitis, polio or Epstein-Barr virus. Certain people are more genetically prone to this happening although why this occurs is not know. Thus, two people may be infected with the same virus and only one of them who is genetically prone will go on to develop diabetes. Other less common ( very rare) causes of Type 1 Diabetes include injury to the pancreas from toxins, trauma, or after the surgical removal of the majority (or all) of the pancreas.



Herititary Tendencies in Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes tends to have less tendency to have other family members affected with diabetes than Type 2. In the first large family study of diabetes, less than 4% of parents and 6% of siblings of a person with diabetes also had diabetes. In studies with identical twins less than 50% of the siblings of a person with diabetes also had diabetes versus almost 100% of siblings of people with Type 2 Diabetes. Children of Type 1 diabetic fathers are more likely to develop Type 1 autoimmune diabetes than children of Type 1 diabetic mothers.




Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes must be treated with insulin shots. This involves injecting insulin under the skin -- in the fat -- for it to get absorbed into the blood stream where it can then access all the cells of the body which require it. Insulin cannot be taken as a pill because the juices in the stomach would destroy the insulin before it could work. Remember, insulin is a hormone, and like all other hormones, insulin is a protein and therefore it has a very important 3-dimentional structure which is destroyed by the acid in the stomach. Even if it did make it through the stomach, the digestive enzymes secreted by the digestive part of the pancreas would digest the insulin protein molecule. Scientists are looking for new ways to give insulin. But today, shots are the most widely used method. Some new insulin pumps are being developed and tested.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes is more common than Type 1 Diabetes. Whereas Type 1 Diabetes was characterized by the onset in young persons (average age at diagnosis = 14), Type 2 Diabetes usually develops in middle age or later. This tendency to develop later in life has given rise to the term "adult onset diabetes". The typical Type 2 Diabetes patient is overweight although there are exceptions. In contrast to Type 1 Diabetes, symptoms often have a more gradual onset. Type 2 Diabetes is associated with insulin resistance rather than the lack of insulin like seen in Type 1 Diabetes. This often is obtained as a hereditary tendency from one's parents. Insulin levels in these patients are usually normal or higher than average but the body's cells are rather sluggish to respond to it. This lack of insulin activity results in higher than normal blood glucose levels.




Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes:

Type 2 Diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. This disease exists in all populations, but prevalence varies greatly, i.e., 1% in Japan, and greater than 40% in the Pima Indians of Arizona. In whites the figure is somewhere between 1-2 percent of the entire population. The high incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in certain groups such as the Pima Indians appears to be a relatively recent development that followed a change in the type of food intake (from relatively little food to plenty of food). With this came the development of obesity within their culture which results in diabetes developing in those that are genetically predisposed. This "urbanization phenomenon" has been most carefully studied in nonwhite populations, but is probably ethnically and racially nonspecific. In other words, obesity tends to promote diabetes in those genetically predisposed regardless of where you live and what your racial background is.




Hereditary aspects of Type 2 diabetes:

Type 2 diabetes tends to be fairly hereditary in contrast to Type 1 diabetes. Approximately 38% of siblings and one third of children of people with type 2 diabetes will develop diabetes or abnormal glucose metabolism at some point. The degree of obesity also seems to be a factor with a larger percentage of diabetes developing in those who are more obese. Studies with identical twins showed that 90-100% of the time when diabetes developed in one it would also develop in the other compared with 50% in Type 1 Diabetes.



Causes of Type 2 Diabetes

Development of Type 2 diabetes seems to be multi-factorial...that is, there are a number of issues to blame. Genetic predisposition seems to be the strongest factor. Obesity and high caloric intake seem to be another. Twenty percent of people with this Type 2 Diabetes have antibodies to their islet cells which are detectable in their blood resulting in the expected low levels of insulin, suggesting the possibility of incomplete islet cell destruction (see discussion about autoimmune diabetes in the Type 1 diabetes section). These patients often tend to respond early to oral drugs to lower blood sugar but may need insulin at some point.

Answer 2

1

Answer 3

2

Answer 4

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Answer 5

There are two categories of diabetes. Type 1 which is sometimes referred to as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependant diabetes and Type 2 which is also called adult onset diabetes which can sometimes be controlled with diet and medication and doesn't always require insulin.

Answer 6

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Answer 7

yes

Answer 8

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