bacteria and viruses can be transmitted from infected organisms to healthy ones?

Question

In my books, describe several ways in which bacteria and viruses can be transmitted from infected organisms to healthy ones.

I can't think any of ways.
Can I say that some of them can be used to make vaccines?
or I just list the benefits they give organisms?
like most of them can photosynthesize; these supply oxygen
they can also decompose some died animals and plants ....

i don't know what this question ask me to write

Answer 1

You've come up with some good constructive ways. Here's some examples of unhealthy ways bacteria/viruses can infect healthy organisms:
Through the digestive system. Example: eating meat infected with e coli transfers that bacteria to the eater, making that individual ill.
Through open wounds: Hospitals are so careful with regard to keeping everything clean and sterile for this reason. One patient's disease (AIDS, for instance, with the HIV virus) could be transmitted to another patient if the infected patient's bodily fluids got into the other patient's wound.
Through bodily fluids (sort of like above): most types of bodily fluids have some potential for spreading bacteria/viruses, because those tiny organisms live in bodily fluids. This is how sexually transmitted diseases are spread: the exchange of bodily fluids during sex, when one person has a disease such as chlamydia or herpes.
In the same way, in the past patients who received blood infusions (because they were low on blood) occasionally received blood-borne diseases because the blood that was sent into their bodies was infected. Now, blood banks have better screening procedures.
While a woman is pregnant, she has the potential to transmit bacteria/viruses to her unborn infant. While infant's and mother's blood do not mix, the infant is surrounded (and thus taking in) some of the mother's other fluids (think of the placenta, the umbilical cord, etc.). The infant can become sick in this way (once again, HIV is notorious here). Also, during birth, the baby passes through the mother's birth canal. In the process, the baby is exposed to more of the mother's body/bodily fluids. During this short time, the infant can catch sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes or chlamydia, the latter of which can cause blindness in the infant.

Hope that helps! Just explain kind of like how I did above. Talk about ways that bacteria/viruses can spread. If it helps, think of it like a chemistry equation: the reactants (infected organisms) going to the products (healthy organisms).

Answer 2

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Answer 3

Yes, it can for BOTH constructive and destructive reasons. Cover both aspects, quoting examples from your book and other reference books.