The name of the Greek letter Ï is pi, and this spelling is used in typographical contexts where the Greek letter is not available or where its usage could be problematic. When referring to this constant, the symbol Ï is always pronounced like "pie" in English, the conventional English pronunciation of the letter.
The constant is named Ï because it is the first letter of the Greek words "ÏεÏιÏÎÏεια" (transliterated: periphereia; periphery in English) and "ÏεÏίμεÏÏον" (perimetron, perimeter). The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler proposed that this number be given a particular name and suggested the use of Ï.
In Euclidean plane geometry, Ï is defined either as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, or as the ratio of a circle's area to the area of a square whose side is the radius. The constant Ï may be defined in other ways that avoid the concepts of arc length and area, for example as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0.[1] The formulæ below illustrate other (equivalent) definitions.
The numerical value of Ï truncated to 50 decimal places is:
3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510
With the 50 digits given here, the circumference of any circle that would fit in the observable universe (ignoring the curvature of space) could be computed with an error less than the size of a proton.[2] Nevertheless, the exact value of Ï has an infinite decimal expansion: its decimal expansion never ends and does not repeat, since Ï is an irrational number (and indeed, a transcendental number). This infinite sequence of digits has fascinated mathematicians and laymen alike, and much effort over the last few centuries has been put into computing more digits and investigating the number's properties. Despite much analytical work, and supercomputer calculations that have determined over 1 trillion digits of Ï, no simple pattern in the digits has ever been found. Digits of Ï are available on many web pages, and there is software for calculating Ï to billions of digits on any personal computer.
2006-09-17 04:33:10
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answer #2
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answered by Cool Dude 2
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Everything u ever wanted to know about pi...
The mathematical constant Ï is an irrational real number, approximately equal to 3.14159, which is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter in Euclidean geometry, and has many uses in mathematics, physics, and engineering. It is also known as Archimedes' constant (not to be confused with Archimedes number) and as Ludolph's number.
The name of the Greek letter Ï is pi, and this spelling is used in typographical contexts where the Greek letter is not available or where its usage could be problematic. When referring to this constant, the symbol Ï is always pronounced like "pie" in English, the conventional English pronunciation of the letter.
The constant is named Ï because it is the first letter of the Greek words "ÏεÏιÏÎÏεια" (transliterated: periphereia; periphery in English) and "ÏεÏίμεÏÏον" (perimetron, perimeter). The Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler proposed that this number be given a particular name and suggested the use of Ï.
In Euclidean plane geometry, Ï is defined either as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, or as the ratio of a circle's area to the area of a square whose side is the radius. The constant Ï may be defined in other ways that avoid the concepts of arc length and area, for example as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0.[1] The formulæ below illustrate other (equivalent) definitions.
The numerical value of Ï truncated to 50 decimal places is:
3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510
Calculating Ï
The formulae often given for calculating the digits of Ï have desirable mathematical properties, but are often hard to understand without a background in trigonometry and calculus. Nevertheless, it is possible to compute Ï using techniques involving only algebra and geometry.
For example, one common classroom activity for experimentally measuring the value of Ï involves drawing a large circle on graph paper, then measuring its approximate area by counting the number of cells inside the circle. Since the area of the circle is known to be
a = \pi r^2,\,\!
Ï can be derived using algebra:
\pi = a/r^2.\,\!
This process works mathematically as well as experimentally. If a circle with radius r is drawn with its center at the point (0,0), any point whose distance from the origin is less than r will fall inside the circle. The pythagorean theorem gives the distance from any point (x,y) to the center:
d=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}.
Mathematical "graph paper" is formed by imagining a 1x1 square centered around each point (x,y), where x and y are integers between -r and r. Squares whose center resides inside the circle can then be counted by testing whether, for each point (x,y),
\sqrt{x^2+y^2} < r.
The total number of points satisfying that condition thus approximates the area of the circle, which then can be used to calculate an approximation of Ï. Mathematically, this formula can be written:
\pi \approx \frac{1}{r^2} \sum_{x=-r}^{r} \; \sum_{y=-r}^{r} \Big(1\hbox{ if }\sqrt{x^2+y^2} < r,\; 0\hbox{ otherwise}\Big).
In other words, begin by choosing a value for r. Consider all points (x,y) in which both x and y are integers between -r and r. Starting at 0, add 1 for each point whose distance to the origin (0,0) is less than r. Divide the sum, representing the area of a circle of radius r, by r2 to find the approximation of Ï. Closer approximations can be produced by using larger values of r.
For example, if r is set to 2, then the points (-2,-2), (-2,-1), (-2,0), (-2,1), (-2,2), (-1,-2), (-1,-1), (-1,0), (-1,1), (-1,2), (0,-2), (0,-1), (0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (1,-2), (1,-1), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (2,-2), (2,-1), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2) are considered. The 9 points (-1,-1), (-1,0), (-1,1), (0,-1), (0,0), (0,1), (1,-1), (1,0), (1,1) are found to be inside the circle, so the approximate area is 9, and Ï is calculated to be approximately 2.25. Results for larger values of r are shown in the table below:
r area approximation of Ï
3 25 2.777778
4 45 2.8125
5 69 2.76
10 305 3.05
20 1245 3.1125
100 31397 3.1397
1000 3141521 3.141521
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2006-09-16 23:15:28
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answer #4
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answered by Anonymous
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