what were some reformations in favor of blacks during the 1960s?

Answer 1

I won't get everything, but I'll write what I can remember. First, there was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Both of these were sponsored by President Lyndon Johnson as part of his Great Society program.

Under the Civil Rights Act, various kinds of discrimination were prohibited based on race, religion, gender, and national origin. This extended to employment, housing, public accommodations, and some other things. Certain private forms of discrimination were not prohibited, because the Civil Rights Act applied to "state action", interpreted very broadly. Some fraternal organizations were outside that law, but it still had a huge impact. "Public accommodations," for example, included restaurants and busses.

The Voting Rights Act outlawed a number of state practices intended to limit blacks' right to vote, including literacy tests, poll taxes, and other discriminatory practices. Because of this, many blacks in the South were targets of voter registration drives, and they were allowed to vote for the first time.

School integration, rather than school desegregation, became more prominent in the 1960s. Prior to that time, in the 1950s, the enphasis was on desegregation -- getting blacks into formerly all-white schools. By the 1960s, they were looking to achieve racial balance in the schools rather than just getting a handful of "token negroes" into otherwise white schools. Bussing to achieve racial integration in the schools became prominent in the 1960s.

"Affirmative action" started in the 1960s. This idea was that blacks had been historically deprived of cultural and economic advantages available to whites, so "affirmative action" was required to remedy that situation.

Some results of these things were that employers advertised that they were "equal opportunity employers" -- they would hire both black and white workers. The real estate industry came under pressure to sell to both blacks and whites. The mortgage lending and banking industry had to do away with the practice of "red-lining" where they drew red lines on maps intended to keep blacks out of certain residential areas, or to deny blacks mortgage loans in those areas.

Schools and employers began to keep track of racial statistics to make sure they met their "quotas" of underprivileged minorities. Quotas later came under attack, because less-qualified blacks got jobs, promotions, or were admitted to colleges instead of more-qualified whites.

Many of these practices were remedial in nature; they were intended to remedy the effects of past discrimination, and it was thought that, over time, these remedies could be eliminated as no longer being necessary.

Just a couple more things ... in the 1960s the military really opened up to blacks ... the percentage of African-American soldiers in Vietnam was much higher than in any previous war. Also, many team sports opened up to blacks, although they had been integrated a decade or so earlier. Compare baseball, basketball, and football teams of the 1960s with the same teams from the 1950s, and you'll see a big difference.

Ummm ... there's probably more, but that's what I can think of now.

Answer 2

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