What are eletrons, protons and neutrons made up of ?

Answer 1

A subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom: it may be elementary or composite. Particle physics and nuclear physics concern themselves with the study of these particles, their interactions, and matter made up of them which do not aggregate into atoms.

These particles include atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are composite particles, made up of quarks), as well as other particles such as photons and neutrinos which are produced copiously in the sun. However, most of the particles that have been discovered and studied are not encountered under normal earth conditions; they are produced in cosmic rays and during scattering processes in particle accelerators.


Helium atom (schematic)
Showing two protons (red), two neutrons (green) and two electrons (yellow).

Dividing an atom
The study of electrochemistry led G. Johnstone Stoney to postulate the existence of the electron (denoted e−) in 1874 as a constituent of the atom. It was observed in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. Subsequent speculation about the structure of atoms was severely constrained by the 1907 experiment of Ernest Rutherford which showed that the atom was mostly empty space, and almost all its mass was concentrated into the (relatively) tiny atomic nucleus. The development of the quantum theory led to the understanding of chemistry in terms of the arrangement of electrons in the mostly empty volume of atoms. Protons (p+) were known to be the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. Neutrons (n) were postulated by Rutherford and discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. The word nucleon denotes both the neutron and the proton.

Electrons, which are negatively charged, have a mass of 1/1836 of a hydrogen atom, the remainder of the atom's mass coming from the positively charged proton. The atomic number of an element counts the number of protons. Neutrons are neutral particles with a mass almost equal to that of the proton. Different isotopes of the same nucleus contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons. The mass number of a nucleus counts the total number of nucleons.

Chemistry concerns itself with the arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules, and nuclear physics with the arrangement of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, their structure and interactions, involves quantum mechanics and quantum field theory (when dealing with processes that change the number of particles). The study of subatomic particles per se is called particle physics. Since many particles need to be created in high energy particle accelerators or cosmic rays, sometimes particle physics is also called high energy physics.

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Classification of subatomic particles
Symmetries play a very important role in the physics of subatomic particles by providing intrinsic quantum numbers which are used to classify particles. Poincaré symmetry, which is the full symmetry of special relativity, is enjoyed by any Hamiltonian which describes these particles. Hence all particles have the following quantum numbers —

the mass (m) of the particle,
its spin (J): all particles with integer values of spin are called bosons, those with half-integer spins are called fermions.
its intrinsic parity (P), which is a multiplicative quantum number.
In addition, some particles may have a definite C-parity (C). Particles may also carry other quantum numbers related to internal symmetries, such as charges and flavour quantum numbers.

Corresponding to every particle there exists an antiparticle. Every additive quantum number of a particle is reversed in sign for the antiparticle. Equality of the masses and lifetimes of particle and antiparticle follows in local quantum field theories through CPT symmetry, and hence tests of these equalities constitute important tests of this symmetry.

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Elementary particles
A full classification of subatomic particles involves understanding the fundamental forces that they are subject to: the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces. In the modern unified quantum field theory of these three forces, called the standard model, the elementary particles are

spin J = 1 particles called gauge bosons. These include
photons, which are carriers of the electromagnetic force,
W bosons and Z bosons which mediate the weak forces, and
gluons, which carry the strong force.
spin J = 1/2 fermions which constitute all matter in the universe and come in two varieties—
leptons such as the electron, muon, tau lepton, the three corresponding neutrinos (these are called six flavours of leptons), and their antiparticles. These are affected essentially only by the weak and electromagnetic forces. The former allow flavour changes (for example, from a muon to an electron)
quarks which come in six other flavours, and are affected by all three forces unified into the standard model. The weak interactions cause flavour changes.
spin J = 0 (and P = +1) Higgs boson which is responsible for the masses of the quarks, leptons, W and Z bosons. This remains to be actually seen in experiments; a major purpose of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is to search for this particle.
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Conjectures and predictions
Further structures beyond the standard model are often invoked. In particular, there is a search for a theory that unifies the standard model with gravity. There is strong evidence that when such a theory is found it will include gravitons (constrained to have spin J = 2), to mediate this fourth fundamental interaction. A further structure called supersymmetry is often invoked, although direct experimental evidence for it is lacking. Supersymmetric extensions of the standard model would contain a bosonic partner for each of the fermions described above (called selectrons, smuons, staus, sneutrinos, squarks), and a fermionic partner for each boson (called gauginos and Higgsinos). Supersymmetric extensions which include a theory of gravity (called supergravity) also involve a partner of the graviton, called the gravitino, which has spin J = 3/2. In many versions of these theories there are extra bosons called axions with J = 0 and P = −1. Relic particles are postulated to be remnants of the early cosmological expansion of the Big Bang.

There were attempts to build theories which posited that the elementary particles in the standard model are actually composites built out of really elementary particles variously called preons, rishons or quinks. However, these theories are so strongly constrained by experimental data now that they are almost ruled out. Extended supersymmetric theories have also been postulated; these allow particles such as leptoquarks, which transmute leptons into quarks.

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Composite particles
All observed subatomic composite particles are called hadrons. All bosonic hadrons are called mesons and all fermionic hadrons are baryons. The most well-known baryons are the constituents of atomic nuclei called protons and neutrons, and collectively named nucleons. The quark model of hadrons states that mesons are built out of a quark and an antiquark, whereas a baryon is made up of three quarks. As of 2005, searches for exotic hadrons are currently under way.

Answer 2

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I believe you're right: CAN YOU IMAGINE A NUCLEUS MADE JUST OF PROTONS, SO CLOSE, SUCH A STRONG ELECTROSTATIC REPULSION ? In a simplistic (Chemist way) the neutrons help decrease this + to + repulsion, even if they have no charge themnselves. But they have NUCLEAR FORCES in action, and that's what keeps things somewhat "calm" down there. A Nuclear or Particle Physicist could provide you with a deeper answer, involving mesons, pions, and other particles. Finally, something for you to think about and, maybe, use: every time you have a radioactive decay with BETA particle emission, you may follow or calculate the Atomic Number of the resulting atoms, by assuming (seems to be a GOOD assumption) that a NEUTRON ~ PROTON + ELETRON! That's why after the BETA EMISSION (~ ELETRON) an EXTRA PROTON APPEARS, and the resulting atom (from the decay) has an extra proton in its nucleus (Zf = Zi + 1)

Answer 3

The most elementry building blocks of nature(without taking in consideration-the string theory) are Quarks and Leptons.Whereas Bosons act as force-carriers.

Quarks have the unusual property of having fractional electronic charge.There are 6 types of quarks(arranged in the order of increasing mass/charge ratio downwards):
Type Charge
Up +2/3
Down -1/3
Strange -1/3
Charm +2/3
Bottom -1/3
Top +2/3

Protons,neutrons,electrons are all actually group of 3quarks.
U can only found one combination for proton&neutron from the above list.
They are:
Proton: 2 Up + 1 Down
Neutron: 1 Up + 2 Down
However,electrons may have 3 combinations:
Electron: 3 Down or 3 Strange or 3 Bottom

Answer 4

Hello

Electron is an indivisible particle, but protons and neutrons are made of quarks, a new system of particles to explain the behaviour of matter, and other things.

There are 3 quarks with differentes characteristiques.. you must to lookiing for them in Internet.

Quarks have charming and other sympatics properties.

See you

Answer 5

Electrons are part of a class of fundamental particles called leptons. They are not therefore "made up" of any simpler particles.

Protons and neutrons consist of two kinds of fundamental particles called "quarks" - up(+2/3 charge) and down (-1/3 charge)

Proton - 2 up quarks and 1 down quark
Neutron - 1 up quark and 2 down quarks

Note: The down quark is slightly more massive than the up quark due to which the neutron is slightly heavier (0.001 amu) than the proton.

Answer 6

This Site Might Help You.

RE:
What are eletrons, protons and neutrons made up of ?

Answer 7

Electrons (leptons) are fundamental, having no substructure.
Protons and neutrons are made of quarks which are fundamental.
Proton = 2 up and 1 down quarks
Neutron = 1 up and 2 down quarks

Answer 8

bladecrimson 2 hours ago You gave this answer a low rating: Show
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hjayaweera
Level 1

electron is a fundamental particle belongs to lepton family. protons and neutrons are baryons and made up with fundamental particle called quarks. leptons and quacks are fundamental particles and no one knows really what they are and no one has divided fundamental particles so far. pls refer my reference for more details. and also you can google "leptons and

Answer 9

The jury's still out on this one.

On last count, there is some sort of agreement within the scientific community on a set of 6 subatomic particles. On the other hand, there are claims/assertions that there are more of these.

Will we ever get to the root of this? It'll be fun to see.

Answer 10

The answer is unclear, but there are clues. One example is the FQH effect, where each electron traveling in a thin conducting strip pierced by a strong magnetic field becomes associated with several "vortices," tiny whirlpools of electric current flowing around field lines (see 1998 Focus story). Experiments demonstrated that the vortices become "quasiparticles" that each have a fraction of the electron's charge, but researchers hadn't verified that they are anyons (A state not quite Boson or Femion but with characteristics of both).

Answer 11

electrons, protons and neutrons r not the real sub-atomic particles in this universe.we have positrons,measonsbehind them
actually.all the particles or matter in this universe is made up of particles called quarks,and anti particles called anti quarks......our entire universe is built on these particles