can you help me with these lit terms?

Question

- external rhyme.
- innocent eye.
- macaronic verse.
- macaroni verse.
- mood naturalism.

PLEASE help. I cannot find these anywhere.

Answer 1

External Ryhme: The word external means “outside.” So an external rhyme scheme is a pattern of words that rhyme on the “outside.” edge of the poem – the last syllable in the last word of each line in a stanza.

An easy way to see a poem’s external rhyme scheme is to assign each sound at the end of a line a letter – the first sound you come to is given an A, the second a B, and so on. If the same sound occurs in a later line, you simply write the letter you gave that sound when you first heard it. Using stanza 10, for example:


Innocent Eye: ? Is this the title of something?

Macaronic verse: Macaronic refers to text spoken or written using a mixture of languages. The term is occasionally used of hybrid words, which are in effect internally macaronic.

One particular form is Macaronic Latin, a term for various sorts of adulterated Latin. The phrase is used for a jumbled jargon made up of vernacular words given Latin endings, or for Latin words mixed with the vernacular in a pastiche (compare dog Latin). The writing of humorous texts for satirical purposes in Macaronic Latin became a fad in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, particularly in Italian. One important and unusual example of what could be considered a Macaronic text is the Hypnerotomachia of 1499, which was basically written using Italian syntax and morphology, but using a made-up vocabulary based on roots from Latin, Greek, and occasionally others.

Macaronic text remains an interest of modern Italian authors. For instance, macaronic language appears in the works of Carlo Emilio Gadda; Umberto Eco (Salvatore in The Name of the Rose, and the peasant hero of Baudolino); and Dario Fo (whose Mistero Buffo - "Comic Mystery Play" - features grammelot sketches using language with macaronic elements).

Macaronic verse similarly refers to poetry written in more than one language, most frequently a mixture of the local vernacular and Latin. It was especially popular with non-liturgical carols of the Middle Ages. An example is the first stanza of the famous carol "In Dulci Jubilo":

Original text
In dulci jubilo,
Nun singet und seid froh!
Alle unsre Wonne
Liegt in praesepio;
Sie leuchtet wie die Sonne
Matris in gremio.
Alpha es et O!
English translation
In sweet rejoicing,
now sing and be glad!
All our joy
lies in the manger;
It shines like the sun
in the mother's lap.
You are the alpha and omega!

One macaronic English and Latin version
In dulci jubilo,
Let us our homage show!
Our heart's joy reclineth
In praesepio;
And like a bright star shineth
Matris in gremio.
Alpha es et O!


The Roman text is in German; the italicised in Latin (in this example, there is a hint of a third language, in the Greek letters mentioned in the last line). Macaronic verse is especially common in cultures with widespread bilingualism or language contact, such as Ireland before the middle of the nineteenth century. Macaronic traditional songs, such as "Siúil A Rúin" are quite common in Ireland. Macaronic verse was also common in medieval India, where the influence of the Muslim rulers led to poems being written alternatingly in indigenous medieval Hindi verse, followed by one in the Persian language. This style was used by the famous poet Amir Khusro, and it also played a major role in the rise of the Urdu or Hindustani language.


Mood naturalism:

Naturalism is an approach to philosophical problems that interprets them as tractable through the methods of the empirical sciences or at least, without a distinctively a priori project of theorizing. For much of the history of philosophy it has been widely held that philosophy involved a distinctive method, and could achieve knowledge distinct from that attained by the special sciences. Thus, metaphysics and epistemology have often jointly occupied a position of ‘first philosophy,’ laying the necessary grounds for the understanding of reality and the justification of knowledge claims. Naturalism rejects philosophy’s claim to that special status. Whether in epistemology, ethics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, or other areas naturalism seeks to show that philosophical problems as traditionally conceived are ill-formulated, and can be solved or displaced by appropriately naturalistic methods. Naturalism often assigns a key role to the methods and results of the empirical sciences, and sometimes aspires to reductionism and physicalism. However, there are many versions of naturalism and some are explicitly non-scientistic. What they share is a repudiation of the view of philosophy as exclusively a priori theorizing concerned with a distinctively philosophical set of questions. Naturalistic thinking has a long history, but it has been especially prominent in recent decades, and its influence is felt all across philosophy. We will look at why and in what ways it is prominent and we will describe some of the most influential versions of naturalism.