Uric acid is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen with the structure shown right:
xanthine oxidase oxidizes oxypurines such as xanthine and hypoxanthine to uric acid. In humans and higher primates, uric acid is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. In most other mammals, the enzyme uricase further oxidizes uric acid to allantoin. The loss of uricase in higher primates parallels the similar loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid vitamin C. This may be because in higher primates uric acid partially replaces ascorbic acid. Both urate and ascorbate are strong reducing substances (electron donors) and potent antioxidants.
Uric acid is also the end product of nitrogen metabolism in birds and reptiles. In such species, it is excreted in feces as a dry mass. While this compound is produced through a complex and energetically costly metabolic pathway (in comparison to other nitrogenated wastes such as urea or ammonia), its elimination minimizes water loss. It is therefore commonly found in the excretions of animals that live in very dry environments.
Humans produce only small quantities of uric acid with excess accumulation leading to a type of arthritis known as gout.
In human blood, uric acid concentrations between 3.6 and 8.3 mg/dL are considered normal by the American Medical Association, although significantly lower levels are common in vegetarians due to a decreased intake of purine-rich meat.
The disease gout in humans is associated with elevated blood levels of uric acid. Saturation levels of uric acid in blood may result in one form of kidney stones when the urate crystallizes in the kidney. Some patients with gout eventually get uric kidney stones. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is also associated with very high serum uric acid levels.
Uric acid may be a marker of oxidative stress, and may have a potential therapeutic role as an antioxidant (PMID 16375736). On the other hand, like other strong reducing substances such as ascorbate, uric acid can also act as a proxidant, particularly at elevated levels. Thus, as noted here, it is unclear whether elevated levels of uric acid in diseases associated with oxidative stress such as stroke and atherosclerosis are a reactive protective response or a primary cause.
The high nitrogen content of uric acid makes guano a useful agricultural fertilizer.
The crystalline form of uric acid is used as a reflector in certain species of fireflies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
2006-09-04 18:11:11
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answer #1
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answered by danielpsw 5
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Oh, I suffer w/ Acid Reflux as well and it's awful. I am on Protium 40mg once a day and I take it about 30-40 mins before I eat and I generally have no problems once I've taken this tablet. I tried a natural remedy but it didn't do the trick for me =( Hope all is well.
2016-03-17 07:41:46
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answer #2
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answered by Anonymous
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Hi, Go to WebMD. You can find all your answers there.
2006-09-04 07:10:22
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answer #3
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answered by arthurbel33 4
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