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Don't let the name fool you: A black hole is anything but empty space. Rather, it is a great amount of matter packed into a very small area - think of a star ten times more massive than the Sun squeezed into a sphere approximately the diameter of New York City. The result is a gravitational field so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. In recent years, NASA instruments have painted a new picture of these strange objects that are, to many, the most fascinating objects in space.
Although the term was not coined until 1967 by Princeton physicist John Wheeler, the idea of a point in space so massive and dense that light could not escape it has been around for centuries. Most famously, black holes were predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity, which showed that when a massive star dies, it leaves behind a small, dense remnant core. If the core's mass is more than about three times the mass of the Sun, the equations showed, the overwhelming force of gravity produces a black hole.
Scientists can't directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect X-rays, light, or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. We can, however, infer the presence of black holes and study their effects on surrounding space with telescopes such as NASA's space-based Chandra X-ray Observatory. If a black hole passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, or is near a star, it will draw matter inward in a process known as accretion. As the attracted matter accelerates and heats up, it emits X-rays that radiate into space.
Recent discoveries offer some tantalizing evidence that black holes have a dramatic influence on surrounding space -- emitting powerful gamma ray bursts, devouring nearby stars, spurring the growth of new stars in some areas and stalling it in others.
One Star's End is a Black Hole's Beginning
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Most black holes form from the remnants of a large star that dies in a supernova explosion. (Smaller stars become dense neutron stars, which are not massive enough to trap light.) In the absence of the outward forces produced by the nuclear fusion reactions that power a star's life, intense gravitational forces cause the quick collapse of the remaining matter into a central point.
Even bigger black holes can result from stellar collisions. Soon after its launch in December 2004, NASA's Swift telescope observed the powerful, fleeting flashes of light known as gamma ray bursts. Chandra and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope later collected data from the event's "afterglow," and together the observations led astronomers to conclude that the powerful explosions can result when a black hole and a neutron star collide, producing another black hole.
Babies and Giants
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Although the basic formation process is understood, one perennial mystery in the science of black holes is that they appear to exist on two radically different size scales. On one end, there are the countless black holes that are the remnants of massive stars. Peppered throughout the universe, these "stellar mass" black holes are generally 10 to 20 times as massive as the Sun. Astronomers spot them when another star draws near enough for some of the matter surrounding it to be snared by the black hole's gravity, churning out X-rays in the process. Most stellar black holes, however, lead isolated lives and are impossible to detect. Judging from the number of stars large enough to produce such black holes, however, scientists estimate that there are as many as ten million to a billion such black holes in the Milky Way alone.
On the other side of the size spectrum are the beastly giants known as "supermassive" black holes, which are millions, if not billions, of times as massive as the Sun. Astronomers believe that supermassive black holes lie at the center of many large galaxies, even our own Milky Way. Astronomers can detect them by watching for the telltale ways they affect nearby stars and gas.
In 1997, the Hubble Space Telescope's was equipped with an instrument that separates visible light into various wavelengths, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). Measurements by STIS can reveal the speed and other properties of gas as it swirls into a black hole, which in turn reveals certain characteristics about the black hole itself - its mass, for example, and how fast it is spinning. It is these observations from Hubble that show that most, possibly all, large galaxies are home to a churning black hole. One black hole, 50 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo, has been calculated to have a mass equal to about three billion Suns.
The matter surrounding a stellar black hole - known as the accretion disk - is made of gas and dust. Around a supermassive black hole in the middle of a galaxy, this disk can include stars as well. In 2004, data from Chandra offered scientists their first-ever glimpse of a black hole shredding a nearby star.
Later that year, Chandra spotted two supermassive black holes orbiting in the same galaxy - and therefore doomed to collide. And in October 2005, Chandra revealed a series of stars thought to have been spawned by the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
The Future of Black Hole Science
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So far, there has been no direct evidence for mid-sized black holes. The question is, why not? Historically, scientists have believed simply that no such black holes exist, but recent observations have led some astronomers to think otherwise. The question of whether black holes of intermediate mass exist is a subject of much current research.
The current generation of space-based telescopes do not possess the resolution to directly image mass falling into a black hole, but NASA hopes that future instruments will. The Black Hole Imager mission will detect high-frequency radio waves and X-rays emitted during accretion - the process by which a black hole sucks matter inward - to measure the properties of gas as it swirls into black holes. Astronomers hope to test some of the more exotic predictions of general relativity theory by comparing to these direct measurements of accretion.
The Black Hole Imager is part of NASA's ambitious "Beyond Einstein" program, which will take a census of black holes in the Universe and provide detailed pictures of what happens in the surrounding regions of space. In tandem with the Black Hole Imager, four X-ray telescopes comprising the Constellation-X observatory be 100 times more sensitive than any previous X-ray satellite mission. As a result, scientists will collect unprecedented amounts of data in a fraction of the time it would take with current X-ray telescopes such as Chandra.
Another key mission, LISA, will listen for the ripples in spacetime - known as gravitational waves - that are created when black holes merge with stars. Gravitational waves drift through space unchanged, offering a direct view of events that occurred in even the most distant corners of space. Scientists hope they will reveal whether supermassive black holes formed when galaxies formed, or later on.
Scientists don't yet know what to expect from these future missions. But if there's one thing future missions are sure to learn about black holes, it's that there will always be more questions to ask.
Hope this can help in some way.
Take care,
Warm Regards,
Tanvir.
2006-08-28 17:22:05
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answer #10
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answered by Tanvir 2
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