give me information about electron?

Answer 1

They can be electrifying (:-))

The electron is a small component of atoms, carrying one unit of negative electrical charge. The mass is quite small, about 1/1700 of the mass of a proton, which has one unit of positive electrical charge. Electrons are responsible for the binding of atoms into molecules, and forming crystalline lattices, and more

Answer 2

One of the small particles that make up an atom. A stable subatomic particle in the lepton family having a rest mass of 9.1066 × 10-28 grams and a unit negative electric charge of approximately 1.602 × 10-19 coulombs.

An elementary particle which is the negatively charged constituent of ordinary matter. The electron is the lightest known particle which possesses an electric charge. Its rest mass is me ? 9.1 × 10?28 g, about 1/1836 of the mass of the proton or neutron, which are, respectively, the positively charged and neutral constituents of ordinary matter. Discovered in 1895 by J. J. Thomson in the form of cathode rays, the electron was the first elementary particle to be identified.

The charge of the electron is ?e ? ?4.8 × 10?10 esu = ?1.6 × 10?19 coulomb. The sign of the electron's charge is negative by convention, and that of the equally charged proton is positive. This is a somewhat unfortunate convention, because the flow of electrons in a conductor is thus opposite to the conventional direction of the current.

Electrons are emitted in radioactivity (as beta rays) and in many other decay processes; for instance, the ultimate decay products of all mesons are electrons, neutrinos, and photons, the meson's charge being carried away by the electrons. The electron itself is completely stable. Electrons contribute the bulk to ordinary matter; the volume of an atom is nearly all occupied by the cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus, which occupies only about 10?13 of the atom's volume. The chemical properties of ordinary matter are determined by the electron cloud.

Answer 3

Electron is a negatively charged particle in an atom and revolves aroun nucleus.its mass is 1/1839 times of hydrogen atom.According to Bohr' theory they revolve in circular stationary orbits around the nucleus.They give out or absorb energy when they go from one energy level to another energy level.

Answer 4

negatively charged partivles of an atom

Answer 5

*The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries an electric charge. It is a spin-½ lepton that participates in electromagnetic interactions, and its mass is less than one thousandth of that of the smallest atom. Its electric charge is defined by convention to be negative, with a value of −1 in atomic units. Together with atomic nuclei, electrons make up atoms; their interaction with adjacent nuclei is the main cause of chemical bonding.
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OVERVIEW:
The word electron was coined in 1894 by George Johnstone Stoney and is derived from the term electric force introduced by William Gilbert. Its origin is in Greek: ήλεκτρον (elektron), meaning amber. J.J. Thomson is credited with having first measured the charge/mass ratio and is considered to be the discoverer of the electron.

Within an atom, electrons surround a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons in an electron configuration. The variations in electric field generated by differing numbers of electrons and their configurations in atoms determine the chemical properties of the elements. These fields play a fundamental role in chemical bonds and chemistry.

Electrons in motion produce an electric current and a magnetic field. Some types of electric currents are termed electricity.

Our understanding of how electrons behave has been significantly modified during the past century, the greatest advances being the development of quantum mechanics in the 20th century. This brought the idea of wave-particle duality, that is, that electrons show both wave-like and particle-like properties, to varying degrees. Equally important, particle physics has furthered our understanding of how the electron interacts with other particles.
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CLASSIFICATION:
The electron is one of a class of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be fundamental particles (that is, they cannot be broken down into smaller constituent parts).

As with all particles, electrons can also act as waves. This is called the wave-particle duality, also known by the term complementarity coined by Niels Bohr and can be demonstrated using the double-slit experiment.

The antiparticle of an electron is the positron, which has the same mass but positive rather than negative charge. The discoverer of the positron, Carl D. Anderson, proposed calling standard electrons negatrons, and using electron as a generic term to describe both the positively and negatively charged variants. This usage never caught on and is rarely if ever encountered today.
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PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR
Electrons have a negative electric charge of −1.6022 × 10−19 coulombs, a mass of 9.11 × 10−31 kg based on charge/mass measurements and a relativistic rest mass of about 0.511 MeV/c2. The mass of the electron is approximately 1/1836 of the mass of the proton. The common electron symbol is e−. [1]

According to quantum mechanics, electrons can be represented by wavefunctions, from which a calculated probabilistic electron density can be determined. The orbital of each electron in an atom can be described by a wavefunction. Based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the exact momentum and position of the actual electron cannot be simultaneously determined. This is a limitation which, in this instance, simply states that the more accurately we know a particle's position, the less accurately we can know its momentum, and vice versa.

The electron has spin ½ and is a fermion (it follows Fermi-Dirac statistics). In addition to its intrinsic angular momentum, an electron has an intrinsic magnetic moment along its spin axis.

Electrons in an atom are bound to that atom; electrons moving freely in vacuum, space or certain media are free electrons that can be focused into an electron beam. When free electrons move, there is a net flow of charge, this flow is called an electric current. The drift velocity of electrons in metal wires is on the order of mm/hour. However, the speed at which a current at one point in a wire causes a current in other parts of the wire is typically 75% of light speed.

In some superconductors, pairs of electrons move as Cooper pairs in which their motion is coupled to nearby matter via lattice vibrations called phonons. The distance of separation between Cooper pairs is roughly 100 nm. (Rohlf, J.W.)

A body has an electric charge when that body has more or fewer electrons than are required to balance the positive charge of the nuclei. When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be negatively charged. When there are fewer electrons than protons, the object is said to be positively charged. When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, their charges cancel each other and the object is said to be electrically neutral. A macroscopic body can develop an electric charge through rubbing, by the phenomenon of triboelectricity.

When electrons and positrons collide, they annihilate each other and produce pairs of high energy photons or other particles. On the other hand, high-energy photons may transform into an electron and a positron by a process called pair production, but only in the presence of a nearby charged particle, such as a nucleus.

The electron is currently described as a fundamental particle or an elementary particle. It has no substructure (at least, experiments have found none so far). Hence, for convenience, it is usually defined or assumed to be a point-like mathematical point charge, with no spatial extension. However, when a test particle is forced to approach an electron, we measure changes in its properties (charge and mass). This effect is common to all elementary particles: Current theory suggests that this effect is due to the influence of vacuum fluctuations in its local space, so that the properties measured from a significant distance are considered to be the sum of the bare properties and the vacuum effects (see renormalization).

The classical electron radius is 2.8179 × 10−15 m. This is the radius that is inferred from the electron's electric charge, by using the classical theory of electrodynamics alone, ignoring quantum mechanics. Classical electrodynamics (Maxwell's electrodynamics) is the older concept that is widely used for practical applications of electricity, electrical engineering, semiconductor physics, and electromagnetics; quantum electrodynamics, on the other hand, is useful for applications involving modern particle physics and some aspects of optical, laser and quantum physics.

Based on current theory, the speed of an electron can approach, but never reach c (the speed of light in a vacuum). This limitation is attributed to Einstein's theory of special relativity which defines the speed of light as a constant within all reference frames. However, when relativistic electrons are injected into a dielectric medium, such as water, where the local speed of light is significantly less than c, the electrons will (temporarily) be traveling faster than light in the medium. As they interact with the medium, they generate a faint bluish light, called Cherenkov radiation.

The energy necessary to accelerate a particle is γ minus one times the rest mass. For example, the linear accelerator at Stanford can accelerate an electron to roughly 51GeV [2]. This gives a gamma of 100,000, since the rest mass of an electron is 0.51MeV/c² (the relativistic mass of this electron is 100,000 times its rest mass).
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HISTORY:

The electron as a unit of charge in electrochemistry was posited by G. Johnstone Stoney in 1874, who also coined the term electron in 1894. During the late 1890s a number of physicists posited that electricity could be conceived of as being made of discrete units, which were given a variety of names, but their reality had not been confirmed in a compelling way.

The discovery that the electron was a subatomic particle was made in 1897 by J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, while he was studying cathode ray tubes. A cathode ray tube is a sealed glass cylinder in which two electrodes are separated by a vacuum. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, cathode rays are generated, causing the tube to glow. Through experimentation, Thomson discovered that the negative charge could not be separated from the rays (by the application of magnetism), and that the rays could be deflected by an electric field. He concluded that these rays, rather than being waves, were composed of negatively charged particles he called "corpuscles". He measured their mass-to-charge ratio and found it to be over a thousand times smaller than that of a hydrogen ion, suggesting that they were either very highly charged or very small in mass. Later experiments by other scientists upheld the latter conclusion.

The electron's charge was carefully measured by Robert Millikan in his oil-drop experiment of 1909.

The periodic law states that the chemical properties of elements largely repeat themselves periodically and is the foundation of the periodic table of elements. The law itself was initially explained by the atomic mass of the elements. However, as there were anomalies in the periodic table, efforts were made to find a better explanation for it. In 1913, Henry Moseley introduced the concept of the atomic number and explained the periodic law in terms of the number of protons each element has. In the same year, Niels Bohr showed that electrons are the actual foundation of the table. In 1916, Gilbert Newton Lewis explained the chemical bonding of elements by electronic interactions.