Ortho-para state?

Question

What does Ortho-para state means?Give answer with example.

Answer 1

Ortho, and Para refer to the orientation of ligands attached to a ring structure. A good example is Xylene. This is a benzene ring with two methyl groups attatched. Since benzene has six carbons, the two methyl groups can be on adjacent, opposite, or with only one carbon in between. I've attached a link to a wikipedia reference that gives and explanation, and diagrams.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylene

Answer 2

When a subsitiutatio occur in substituted benzene ring (e.g toluene, which is benzene ring subsituted with methyl group) , if other subsitution occurs on toluene , the second substiuted group will be dircetd to the carbon atom of the ring nearst to the subsituted carbon atom in the benzene ring ( in toluene the carbon atom which bearing the methyl group , carbon atom no.1 ok) the second subsituted group will be directed to C2 atom , so the substitution is Ortho - and the product is o-xylene , if the sencond methyl group directed to C4 the product is Para-, p-xylene , the direction of substitution depends on the nature of the first substiuted group, if it is elecront donation group , or it is electron withdrawing group . briefly if the substitution directed to C2 of the substituted benzene ring , the result is ortho , if it is directed to C4 the result is Para - substitution

Answer 3

if you numbered the carbon atoms in benzene ring from 1 to 6,(clockwise or anti-clockwise)

and replace "H-" by bonding a "X-" to the number 1 Carbon, and another Y- to No.2 or No.6 Carbon, it is ortho.
if you bond the other Y- to No.4 Carbon it will be para.

Anyway both has the same formula =C6H4XY
but there qualities could be different

(X & Y could be any atom\s like a Cl- or NH3- or Br- ......)