What is a PAL?

Answer 1

programmable arry logic

Answer 2

PAL vs NTSC? PAL is a video format for TV that uses 25 frames per second, mostly found in Europe do to their electricity, which uses 50 hertz. NTSC is what we use here, it uses 30 frames per second as we have 60 hertz in our electricity.

Answer 3

PAL vs NTSC? PAL is a video format only able to play in certian countries. In north america we use NTSC

Answer 4

One who doesn't take advantage of U.

Answer 5

PAL, short for phase-alternating line, phase alternation by line or phase alternation line

PAL is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC. PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Germany, and the format was first introduced in 1967. [1]

Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson. Thomson also bought the Compagnie Generale de Télévision where Henri de France developed SECAM, historically the first European colour television standard. Thomson nowadays also co-owns the RCA brand for consumer electronics products, which created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved.

The term "PAL" is often used informally to refer to a 625-line/50 Hz (principally European) television system, and to differentiate from a 525-line/60 Hz (principally North American/Central American/Japanese) "NTSC" system. There are two more variants of PAL based on the sound system. They are PAL-M(525-line/60Hz) and PAL-N(625-line/50Hz).PAL-N is more like PAL and PAL-M is like PAL's Number of lines with NTSC's Frame rate.[Sandipan B] Accordingly, DVDs are labelled as either "PAL" or "NTSC" (referring informally to the line count and frame rate) even though technically neither of them have encoded PAL or NTSC composite colour.


Technical details
The basics of PAL and the NTSC system are very similar; a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier (typically at approximately 4.43 MHz for PAL, and 3.58 MHz for NTSC) carrying the chrominance information is added to the luminance video signal to form a composite video baseband signal (CVBS). The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its colour subcarrier. The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out. (Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines.) Early PAL receivers relied on the imperfections of the human eye to do that canceling, however this resulted in a comb-like effect on stronger phase errors. Thus, most receivers use a delay line which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information of the current line and that of the previous line is then used to drive the picture tube. This reduces vertical colour resolution compared to the NTSC system, however since the human retina also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. NTSC, PAL, and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luminance signal anyway.

NTSC receivers have a tint control to perform that correction manually. Some engineers jokingly expand NTSC to "Never Twice the Same Colour" or "Not the Same Colour" while referring to PAL as "Perfect At Last", "Peace At Last", or "Pay for Additional Luxury"! However, the alternation of colour information—Hanover bars—can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, causing some engineers to alternately expand PAL to "Picture Always Lousy" or "Pretty Awful Looking". Another expansion is "Pay Another Licence" in reference to the British television licence fee which is higher for colour sets.

The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a refresh rate of 50 interlaced fields per second (or 25 full frames per second), such as systems B, G, H, I, and N (see broadcast television systems for the technical details of each format). Some countries in Eastern Europe which formerly used SECAM with systems D and K have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same. (However, some other countries changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.) In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 29.97 frame/s system M, using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC. In Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, PAL is used with the standard 625 line system, but again with (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency (3.58 MHz); these variants are called PAL-N and PAL-NC. Recently manufactured PAL television receivers can typically decode all of these systems except, in some cases, PAL-M and PAL-N. Many of them can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though usually not French SECAM, unless they are made for the French market. Many of them can also accept baseband NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, though not usually broadcast NTSC.

The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like 525-line (480i) picture to form what is often known as "PAL-60" (sometimes "PAL-60/525" or "Pseudo PAL"). This is often used in applications such as playing NTSC video tapes on compatible PAL VCRs, playing NTSC DVD-Video, and video games, as most modern PAL television sets can handle this kind of signal without too many issues — standard NTSC-3.58 support is less common (though more recent sets support it) and often results in a black-and-white picture when viewed on a PAL TV set. However, this issue (the lack of colour, or having to convert the video to PAL-60) is easily solved by using RGB connections through SCART cables, which are very common in Europe.

When video is transmitted baseband, most of the differences between the "one-letter" systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate, and in that context, unqualified PAL invariably means 576 lines at 25 frames per second, interlaced, with PAL colour. In digital video applications, such as DVDs and digital broadcasting, even the colour encoding is no longer significant; in that context, PAL means only 576 lines at 25 frames per second interlaced, and there is no longer any difference to SÉCAM.


PAL speed-up
Motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PAL's standard of 25 frames per second, films run 4.2% faster. [1] Unlike NTSC's telecine system, which uses 3:2 pulldown to convert the 24 frames per second to the NTSC frame rate, PAL results in the telecined video running 4.2% shorter than the original film as well as the equivalent NTSC telecined video. It also increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cent — 2/3 of a semitone, which people with absolute pitch will notice immediately.

However, some movie enthusiasts prefer PAL speed-up over NTSC's 3:2 pulldown, because the latter results in telecine judder, a visual distortion not present in PAL sped-up video. [2]

Software which corrects the speed-up is available for those viewing PAL DVD films on their computers, WinDVD's "PAL TruSpeed" being the most ubiquitous[citation needed]. This method results in a slight decrease in audio quality.

Answer 6

Color palette: Computing->File Extensions
Paducah and Louisville: Railroad Regional->Railroads
Pahlavi: Regional->Language Codes (3 Letters)
Palmtop Application Library : Computing->Software
Parcel Airlift : Miscellaneous->USPS
Parents And Literature: Community->Educational
Participant Active Learning: Community->Educational
Partido de Acción Liberal: International->Spanish
Partners At Learning: Community->Educational
Partnership Approach To Literacy: Community->Educational
Passive Activity Loss: Business->Accounting
Peer Assistance And Leadership: Community->Educational
Peer Assistance Leader: Business->Positions
Peer Assistance Leadership: Community->Educational
People And Animals Learning: Medical->Veterinary
People Animals Learning: Community->Educational
Performance Assessment Laboratory: Community->Educational
Personal Access List: Computing->Security
Personal Android Lackey: Miscellaneous->Funnies
Personal Assistance Link: Internet->Chat
Personal Assistant For Leisure: Business->Positions
Pets Are Love: Community
Phase Alternate Line: Academic & Science->Electronics
Phase Alternating Line: Computing->General
Phase Alternation Line :Academic & Science->Electronics
Philippines Airlines: Governmental->Transportation
Physically Active Lifestyle: Community->Educational
Physicians Against Landmines: Community->Non-Profit Organizations
Pitch, Angle, And Level: Governmental->Transportation
Plane Always Late: Governmental->Transportation
Platform Abstraction Layer: Computing->General
Play And Learn: Community->Educational
Playlist Automation Language: Computing->General
Police At Last: Community->Law
Police Athletic League: Community->Law
Policies Assets & Liabilities: Business->General
Pooling Applying And Linking: Computing->General
Positive And Loving: Community->Educational
Postal Answer Line: Miscellaneous->USPS
Power- Assisted Liposuction: Medical->Physiology
Presence And Availability List: Governmental->Military
Present Atmospheric Level: Academic & Science->Meteorology
Privileged Architecture Library: Computing->General
Probleme Anderer Leute: International->German
Process Assets Library: Computing->General
Productivity, Accountability, And Learning: Business->General
Professionalism Advocacy And Leadership: Business->General
Program For Alternative Learners: Community->Educational
Programmable Array Logic: Computing->General
Programmatic Adjustment Loan: Business->Accounting
Protect A Life: Community->Law
Protect All Life: Governmental->Military
Protect Amenity Of Life: Community
Purpose Agenda And Limit: Business->General

In Technology

PAL

(Programmable Array Logic) A type of programmable logic chip (PLD) that contains arrays of programmable AND gates and predefined OR gates. PALs are defined by their number of inputs and outputs; for example, a 22v10 PAL means 22 inputs and 10 outputs. The inputs are connected by fuses to logic circuits, which themselves are connected by fuses to the output lines. Often used for glue logic, the fuses are blown apart by a programmer device to create the custom configuration. See PLD and glue logic.

(Phase Alternating Line) A color TV standard that was developed in Germany. It broadcasts 25 interlaced frames per second (50 half frames per second) at 625 lines of resolution. Brazil uses PAL M, which broadcasts 30 fps. PAL is used throughout Europe and China as well as in various African, South American and Middle Eastern countries. PAL's color signals are maintained automatically, and the TV set does not have a user-adjustable hue control. See NTSC and SECAM.

(Paradox Application Language) Paradox's programming language.

Digispeak for "parents are listening."

PAL
For other meanings of "PAL" see PAL (disambiguation).
PAL, short for phase-alternating line, phase alternation by line or phase alternation line, is a colour encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC. PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Germany, and the format was first introduced in 1967.

Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer Thomson. Thomson also bought the Compagnie Generale de Télévision where Henri de France developed SÉCAM, historically the first European colour television standard. Thomson nowadays also co-owns the RCA brand for consumer electronics products, which created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved.

The term "PAL" is often used informally to refer to a 625-line/50 Hz (principally European) television system, and to differentiate from a 525-line/60 Hz (principally North American/Central American/Japanese) "NTSC" system. Accordingly, DVDs are labelled as either "PAL" or "NTSC" (referring informally to the line count and frame rate) even though technically neither of them have encoded PAL or NTSC composite colour.


Technical details
The basics of PAL and the NTSC system are very similar; a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier (typically at approximately 4.43 MHz for PAL, and 3.58 MHz for NTSC) carrying the chrominance information is added to the luminance video signal to form a composite video baseband signal (CVBS). The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its colour subcarrier. The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out. (Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines.) Early PAL receivers relied on the imperfections of the human eye to do that canceling, however this resulted in a comb-like effect on stronger phase errors. Thus, most receivers use a delay line which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information of the current line and that of the previous line is then used to drive the picture tube. This reduces vertical colour resolution compared to the NTSC system, however since the human retina also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. NTSC, PAL, and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luminance signal anyway.

NTSC receivers have a tint control to perform that correction manually. Some engineers jokingly expand NTSC to "Never Twice the Same Colour" or "Not The Same Colour" while referring to PAL as "Perfect At Last", "Peace At Last", or "Pay for Additional Luxury"! However, the alternation of colour information - Hanover bars - can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, causing some engineers to alternately expand PAL to "Picture Always Lousy" or "Pretty Awful Looking". Another expansion is "Pay Another Licence" in reference to the British TV Licence fee which is higher for Colour sets.

The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a refresh rate of 50 interlaced fields per second (or 25 full frames per second), such as systems B, G, H, I, and N (see broadcast television systems for the technical details of each format). Some countries in Eastern Europe which formerly used SECAM with systems D and K have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same. (However, some other countries changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.) In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 29.97 frame/s system M, using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC. In Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, PAL is used with the standard 625 line system, but again with (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency (3.58 MHz); these variants are called PAL-N and PAL-NC. Recently-manufactured PAL television receivers can typically decode all of these systems except, in some cases, PAL-M and PAL-N. Many of them can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though usually not French SECAM, unless they are made for the French market. Many of them can also accept baseband NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, though not usually broadcast NTSC.

The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like 525-line (480i) picture to form what is often known as "PAL-60" (sometimes "PAL-60/525"). This is often used in applications such as playing NTSC video tapes on compatible PAL VCRs, playing NTSC DVD Video, and video games, as most modern PAL television sets can handle this kind of signal without too many issues - standard NTSC-3.58 support is less common (though more newer sets support it) and often results in a black-and-white picture when viewed on a PAL TV set. However, this issue (the lack of colour, or having to convert the video to PAL-60) is easily solved by using RGB connections through SCART cables, which are very common in Europe.

When video is transmitted baseband, most of the differences between the "one-letter" systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate, and in that context, unqualified PAL invariably means 576 lines at 25 frames per second, interlaced, with PAL colour. In digital video applications, such as DVDs and digital broadcasting, even the colour encoding is no longer significant; in that context, PAL means only 576 lines at 25 frames per second interlaced, and there is no longer any difference to SECAM.

PAL speed-up
Motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PAL's standard of 25 frames per second, films run 4.2% faster[1]. Unlike NTSC's telecine system, which uses 3:2 pulldown to convert the 24 frames per second to the NTSC frame rate, PAL results in the telecined video running 4.2% shorter than the original film as well as the equivalent NTSC telecined video. It also increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67% – 2/3 of a semitone, which people with absolute pitch will notice immediately.

However, many movie purists prefer PAL speed-up over NTSC's 3:2 pulldown, because the latter results in telecine judder, a visual distortion not present in PAL sped-up video.

Software which corrects the speed-up is available for those viewing PAL DVD films on their computers, WinDVD's "PAL TruSpeed" being the most ubiquitous.