One recurring theme in research on sexual harassment is the difference between men and women in perceptions of this phenomenon (Cochran, Frazier, & Olson, 1997; Fitzgerald, 1993; Ford & Donis, 1996; Gowan & Zimmerman, 1996; Johnson, Benson, Teasdale, Simmons, & Simmons, 1997; Katz, Hannon, & Whitten, 1996; Saperstein, Triolo, & Heinzen, 1995). Men and women attach different interpretations to sociosexual behaviors in the work place (Berdahl, Magley, & Waldo, 1996; Clark, Cooper, & Griffin, 1991). Women define harassment more broadly than men, express more negative attitudes toward sociosexual behaviors at work, and are more likely than men to consider sexual advances by the opposite gender as objectionable and potentially damaging (Malovich & Stake, 1990).
Men might define behaviors as sexual when they were not intended to be so. Men perceived social behavior in a more sexualized manner than women in three laboratory studies (Abbey, 1982; Kowalski, 1993; Saal, Johnson, & Weber, 1989). What women saw as friendly behavior toward men was perceived by men as having sexual implications. Thus, if men responded in kind (i.e., with behavior having sexual undertones or overtones), women could find the response to be uninvited and unwelcome.
It appears that women in general have a lower threshold for perceiving sexual harassment than do men. In terms of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) categories of sexual harassment, men and women are more likely to agree that quid pro quo behaviors are harassing, and less likely to agree that hostile environment behaviors are harassing (Bonate & Jessell, 1996; Burgess & Borgida, 1997; Frazier, Cochran, & Olson, 1995; Johnson et al., 1997; Powell, 1986; Terpstra & Baker, 1988; U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, 1981). Both men and women agree sexual harassment which takes the form of a threat or promise is inappropriate. But men seem to be less sensitive to ambient behaviors that women may find harassing, such as sexual comments or gestures (Pryor, 1985; Pryor & Day, 1988; U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, 1981; Williams, Brown, Lees-Haley, & Price, 1995). The confusion about "friendly" and "sexual" behaviors between men and women further complicates this issue. Men may not realize that certain behaviors are unwelcome if they believe that the other party to the exchange is behaving in a sexual manner.
This role confusion could lead to serious consequences. Unless men and women can better understand each other's position, a mutual understanding about acceptable work place behavior is unlikely. Organizational environments where these gender-based differences in perception and interpretation are not acknowledged are breeding grounds for conflict over the appropriateness of behaviors, and for eventual litigation (Fitzgerald, Gelfand, & Drasgow, 1995).
It is important to understand the extent to which men and women are aware of these gender-based differences in perceptions of harassing behaviors. There is, however, no research which explores this awareness. The absence of empirical data in this area is puzzling, given the importance of the implications for organizational intervention.
There is some reason to expect that men and women are differentially aware of gender-based differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Women are generally believed to be more socially sensitive (Broverman, Vogel, Broverman, Clarkson, & Rosenkrantz, 1972; Tannen, 1990). Enhanced sensitivity on the part of women may also be influenced by power differences in the organizational setting. First, because men generally hold the policy-making positions in organizations, they are in a better position to incorporate their definition of harassment into organizational policy (Baugh, 1997). Second, there is evidence that less powerful individuals tend to be more sensitive to social cues provided by those with more power than the reverse (Brewer, 1982; Fiske, 1993). Because women often hold less power than men, even though hierarchical level may be the same (Cleveland & Kerst, 1993), it is likely that women will be more aware of men's perceptions of sexual harassment than men will be of women's perceptions. For these reasons, women are more likely to be cognizant of differences in perceptions of sexual harassment than men.
2006-08-13 10:11:58
·
answer #6
·
answered by ted_armentrout 5
·
1⤊
0⤋