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1. ISRAEL BECAME A STATE IN 1312 B.C., TWO MILLENNIA BEFORE ISLAM;
Israel did not "become" a nation and it is important not to compare apples with oranges. The Israel of today has little to do with the "Israel" of 3,000 years ago. Archaeologists at Tel Aviv University showed that city states and kingdoms were routinely made and obliterated in the ancient land of Canaan while the natives survived and continued to live. Ethnic cleansing was only recently practised (1947-49). The Israelites evolved from local Canaanites (archaeological evidence, not the stories of the Bible, which were never intended to be taken literally). But even if one is to take the stories of the Bible literally, there is plenty of "evidence" in the Bible that Hebrews prospered with Adomites and other Canaanites. These are not states or nations in the modern sense. In either case, what is the relevance of this to politics in the Middle East? Christianity arose 2,000 years ago, well after Judaism but before Islam, and that does not add anything to whether Christians need to go back and build a Byzantine state in Palestine. History is important ,so here goes.
Canaanitic groups are classified into Western Canaanitic languages (Aramaic, Assyrian, Phoenician, etc.) and Eastern Canaanitic languages (Arabic and Hebrew which were spoken but not written languages). Northern Canaanites (e.g. Nebateans and Phoenicians) developed the written languages.
The Jebusites (Canaanites) around 3000 B.C. dwelt on the tract of land "Jebus", which later became Jerusalem. Ur-Shalem (Jerusalem) is a Canaanite word meaning, the house of Salem, the chieftain of the clan of Jebusites. The name Salem is Shalem in the Aramaic language and was also adapted to Arabic and Hebrew (but much later) to indicate peace. Similarly, while Arabs and Jews think Bethlehem means house of or meat respectively, it is more appropriately house of Laham (the Canaanitic god of the southern hills). The temple of Solomon was probably built on the ruins of the Jebusite temple just like the Aqsa was built on the same ruins.
Historically, new religions did this so that they can adapt the locals to the new religion (i.e. you cannot shock them to stop them from going to their holy places but it is possible to change what Campbell calls "the face of God", i.e. the image. Hence, the Ka'ba in Mecca is also the same place that the ancient Pagans worshipped.
All these groups lived, fought, interacted, collaborated, etc. but no group was obliterated in history. Palestinian villagers, especially in northern Palestine, for hundreds of years and until today use the name Can'an for their children. Second, designs on the cloths of villagers (the folkloric symbols) are Canaanitic symbols (and are shared by location and by locals who are both Christian and Muslim). I can site several other examples, including ritualistic events that are probably pagan in origin. Jews converted to Christianity and Christian converted to Islam as major trends during the establishment of these religions, and this is also well documented.
One of the major myths perpetuated by latter followers of the religion is the notion of their novelty/freshness/uniqueness and, in the case of some followers of Judaism, the idea that it is more than a religion but an inherited attribute. Genetically, Palestinian Christians and Muslims are closer to Sephardi Jews than either group is to Ashkenazi Jews, who are in turn more Turkic (and indo-European, due to the significant pool of Khazars who converted to Judaism a few hundred years ago). Ashkenazis thus are not true Semites. The use of the word anti-Semitic is corrupted as Arabs are Semites and most Jews are not.
Sources:
Davies P.R., "In Search of 'Ancient' Israel", Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 1992.
Hadawi, S., "Bitter Harvest, a Modern History of Palestine", 4th Edition, Olive Branch Press, NYC, 1991.
Marcus, A.D., The View from Nebo: How Archaeology is Rewriting the Bible and Reshaping the Middle East, Little, Brown, Boston, 2000.
Whitelam K.W., The Invention of Ancient Israel and the Silencing of Palestinian History, Routledge, London, 1996.
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2. ARAB REFUGEES FROM ISRAEL BEGAN CALLING THEMSELVES "PALESTINIANS" IN
1967, TWO DECADES AFTER (MODERN) ISRAELI STATEHOOD;
For well over 2,000 years, the land was called Palestine and its inhabitants, the Palestinians, and by the rest of the world. Any search of textbooks published before Israel was established will reveal this very clearly. The issue of nationalism requires some comment. The Philistines settled in the land of Canaan around 1250 B.C., establishing five kingdoms: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron. It was from the Philistines that Palestine received its name. Since Roman times, this land has been known as Palestine. The Palestinians of today, Muslims and Christians, trace their descent to all the peoples who have lived on this land from the time of the Canaanites. Natives in Palestine (who happen to speak Arabic and hold religions such as Bahai, Christian, Muslim, Jewish) are like all native people anywhere in the world. In their natural state over thousands of years, they identified themselves with their villages, tribes and languages but not necessarily to a nation in the modern sense of the 20th century. Arab nationalism was bolstered to counteract the Ottoman Empire and Palestinian nationalism is part of the nationalism and development of new countries all over the previous colonial empires in Africa and Asia (witness Kenya or Tanzania or Nigeria, none of them had nationalism, as seen today, a hundred years ago).
This was true for all natives regardless of the religion they had. Of course, if they travelled outside of Palestine, they were recognized and identified as Palestinian by their dress, accent (Palestinian accent is very different from, say, Arabic accent in Egypt or Lebanon or Jordan), and their own self identification. This is analogous to Irish people versus English. Arab nationalism and Palestinian nationalism have books written on them.
But whether people align themselves with local nationalism, pan-Arab nationalism, Islamism, Zionism or communism, natives (regardless of their religion) do not lose their rights to continue to live and prosper in their own land and country.
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3. AFTER CONQUERING THE LAND IN 1272 B.C., JEWS RULED IT FOR A THOUSAND
YEARS AND MAINTAINED A CONTINUOUS PRESENCE THERE FOR 3,300 YEARS;
There was no Jewish conquest in 1272 B.C. As mentioned above, Judaism evolved as one of many religions in the land of Canaan. They certainly did not have dominion over the land for 1,000 years, nor did they have a continuous presence on the land of Canaan.
Relevant quotes
"Between 3000 and 1100 B.C., Canaanite civilization covered what is today Israel, the West Bank, Lebanon and much of Syria and Jordan... Those who remained in the Jerusalem hills after the Romans expelled the Jews [in the second century A.D.] were a potpourri: farmers and vineyard growers, pagans and converts to Christianity, descendants of the Arabs, Persians, Samaritans, Greeks and old Canaanite tribes." (Marcia Kunstel and Joseph Albright, Their Promised Land.)
"But all these [different peoples who had come to Canaan] were additions, sprigs grafted onto the parent tree... And that parent tree was Canaanite...[The Arab invaders of the 7th century A.D.] made Muslim converts of the natives, settled down as residents, and intermarried with them, with the result that all are now so completely Arabized that we cannot tell where the Canaanites leave off and the Arabs begin." (Illene Beatty, Arab and Jew in the Land of Canaan.)
"The extended kingdoms of David and Solomon, on which the Zionists base their territorial demands, endured for only about 73 years... Then it fell apart...[Even] if we allow independence to the entire life of the ancient Jewish kingdoms, from David's conquest of Canaan in 1000 B.C. to the wiping out of Judah in 586 B.C., we arrive at [only] a 414-year Jewish rule." (Illene Beatty, Arab and Jew in the Land of Canaan.)
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4. THE ONLY ARAB RULE FOLLOWING CONQUEST IN 633 B.C. LASTED JUST 22 YEARS;
Fact: Arab refers to people whose mother tongue is Arabic. Since the 635 A.D., the only time the land was not ruled by people who are Arab by definition is when it was under Ottoman rule. This is over 800 years of Arab rule and it was over all the land of Palestine (more than twice the time the small part of Palestine was ruled by the kingdoms of Judah and Israel). But even the Ottomans had the natives run most of their affairs and, thus, the leadership in Palestine under Ottoman rule were natives of the regions ruled and, in the case of Palestine, they were Palestinian Arabs. The Arab delegates from Palestine to the Ottoman grand parliament had to travel regularly back and forth and used declarations in both Turkish and Arabic.
"Palestine became a predominately Arab and Islamic country by the end of the 7th century. Almost immediately thereafter its boundaries and its characteristics - including its name in Arabic, Filastin - became known to the entire Islamic world, as much for its fertility and beauty as for its religious significance... In 1516, Palestine became a province of the Ottoman Empire, but this made it no less fertile, no less Arab or Islamic... Sixty percent of the population was in agriculture; the balance was divided between townspeople and a relatively small nomadic group. All these people believed themselves to belong in a land called Palestine, despite their feelings that they were also members of a large Arab nation... Despite the steady arrival in Palestine of Jewish colonists after 1882, it is important to realize that, not until the few weeks immediately preceding the establishment of Israel in the spring of 1948, was there ever anything other than a huge Arab majority. For example, the Jewish population in 1931 was 174,606 against a total of 1,033,314." (Edward Said, The Question of Palestine.)
Other sources:
Davies P.R., "In Search of 'Ancient' Israel", Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, 1992.
Hadawi, S., Bitter Harvest, A Modern History of Palestine, 4th Edition, Olive Branch Press, NYC, 1991
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5. FOR OVER 3,300 YEARS, JERUSALEM WAS THE JEWISH CAPITAL. IT WAS NEVER THE
CAPITAL OF ANY ARAB OR MUSLIM ENTITY. EVEN UNDER JORDANIAN RULE, (EAST)
JERUSALEM WAS NOT MADE THE CAPITAL, AND NO ARAB LEADER CAME TO VISIT IT;
Fact: Throughout the 5,000 year history of the area, Jerusalem was an Israelite (not Jewish) capital for only 421 years. After Solomon's death, when the kingdom split, this marked the end of a united kingdom of Israel. The Northern Kingdom was named Samaria after its capital. Jerusalem was not the capital of the Northern Kingdom, which was comprised of 10 tribes, the majority of the Israelites. The kingdom of Judah in the south kept its capital as Jerusalem, but that kingdom was made up of only two tribes. So, the majority of the Israelites did not consider Jerusalem their capital. When the Assyrians invaded Samaria, their inhabitants were dispersed, and came to be referred to as the "Ten Lost Tribes of Israel". So ,the ten lost tribes of Israel had only lived in the Kingdom of Israel until the Assyrian invasion (205 years) before they ceased to exist. The Southern kingdom of Israelites, who descended from the tribe of Judah, made for Sephardic Jews of the present day (not Ashkenazis) . Jerusalem was the capital of Judah, not Israel, for 421 years.
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6. JERUSALEM IS MENTIONED OVER 700 TIMES IN THE BIBLE, BUT NOT ONCE IS IT
MENTIONED IN THE QUR'AN;
Fact: Jerusalem is mentioned in the Holy Koran as is the Prophet Muhammad's night journey to it. Unlike the Tanach, the Koran is not a book of stories about historical figures and ancestors. The Koran is mainly concerned with giving guidance to the believers on how they can best achieve salvation. Mecca is mentioned only once in the Koran and Medina is mentioned only twice. The Koran does not even mention these cities as being holy, and offers very few names of places. The fact that they are mentioned so few times certainly does not diminish their status in the eyes of all Muslims. Islam is not only comprised of the Koran, but of the Hadith [sayings] of the Prophet and the Shari'ah [Islamic law]. The Prophet said: "A journey (with the intention of worship) should be taken only to three mosques: The Sacred Mosque in Mecca, my Mosque in Medina and the Masjid Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem." It is a sacred duty for Muslims to visit Jerusalem, its mosque and the sacred areas that surround it. Pilgrims to Mecca and Medina often visit Jerusalem first. Virtually the entire city of Jerusalem is Waqf land (religious endowment). This land cannot be sold or transferred. The Masjid Al-Aqsa has always been a primary seat of learning in Islam, attracting many Muslim scholars who have settled in Jerusalem. Jerusalem is also mentioned countless times in the New Testament (Christian Holy Book) and many other Holy Books (Bahai's, etc.). If this is supposed to make it any less important to one religion or another, it is a ridiculous assumption. But the rights of native Palestinians (Jews, Chritistians and Muslims) to Jerusalem is not derived of religious texts but by virtue of domicile and living there for hundreds and thousands of years.
2006-08-11 17:44:23
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answer #9
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answered by atlantisflicka 4
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