Africanized honeybees (AHB), also known as “killer bees", are hybrids of the African honeybee, Apis mellifera adansonii (or by other reports A. mellifera scutellata), with various European honeybees such as the Italian bee Apis mellifera ligustica.
The Africanized bees in the western hemisphere descended from 26 Tanzanian queen bees accidentally released in 1957 in southern Brazil from hives operated by biologist Warwick E. Kerr, who had interbred European honeybees and bees from southern Africa. Hives containing these particular queens were noted to be especially defensive. Kerr was attempting to breed a strain of bees that would be better adapted to tropical conditions (i.e., more productive) than the European bee used in North America and southern South America. While the African source bees are significantly smaller than the European bees, the hybrids are similar to the European bees in size, with a slightly shorter wing their only visible difference. Due to individual variations, a large sample must be examined in order to distinguish the two breeds. [citation needed]
The Africanized hybrid bees have become the preferred type of bee for beekeeping in Central America and in tropical areas of South America because of improved productivity. However, in most areas the Africanized hybrid is initially feared because it tends to retain certain behavioral traits from its African ancestors that make it less desirable for domestic beekeeping. Specifically (as compared with the European bee types), the Africanized bee:
Tends to swarm more frequently.
Is more likely to migrate as part of a seasonal response to lowered food supply.
Has greater defensiveness when in a resting swarm.
Lives more often in ground cavities than the European types.
Guards the hive aggressively, with a larger alarm zone around the hive.
Has a higher proportion of "guard" bees within the hive.
Deploys in greater numbers for defense, and pursues perceived threats over much longer distances from the hive.
As of 2002, Africanized honeybees had spread from Brazil south to northern Argentina and north to South and Central America, Trinidad (West Indies), México, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and southern California. Their expansion stopped for a time at eastern Texas, possibly due to the large number of European-bee beekeepers in the area. However, discoveries of the bees in southern Louisiana indicate this species of bee has penetrated this barrier[1], or has come as a swarm aboard a ship. In June 2005, it was discovered that the bees had penetrated the border of Texas and had spread into Southwest Arkansas. In the summer of 2005, Africanized bees were discovered in six counties of Florida where they had apparently been present long enough to spread widely without detection.
At their peak rate of expansion, they spread north at a rate of almost two kilometers (about one mile) a day. In tropical climates they compete effectively against European bees. There have been many opportunities to slow the spread by introducing non-defensive relatives, particularly at the Isthmus of Panama, but various national and international agricultural departments proved themselves incapable of action, and remain so to this day.
Curiously, their arrival in Central America is a threat to the ancient art of keeping stingless bees in log gums. The honey productivity of the Africanized bees far exceeds the productivity of the native stingless bees, and economic pressures forces beekeepers to switch.
Africanized honeybees have generally been considered as an invasive species in many
2006-08-11 10:27:58
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answer #1
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answered by nonconformiststraightguy 6
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2016-09-29 01:58:00
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answer #2
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answered by oberlander 4
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2006-08-08 20:15:16
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answer #3
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answered by acid tongue 7
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