what are the four fundamental laws of logic?

Answer 1

"n9flyboy" is correct. However, I'm not sure what you mean by the "four laws of logic." No one can dispute "n9flyboy's" formulae; for example if 1 + 1 = 2 is NOT TRUE, then all of our logic systems make no sense. In a similar sense, NOT 1 + NOT 1 = 2 must be false.

But, in addition, there are four ways of testing logic, and perhaps this is what you are looking for.

1. Empirical Truth

This can be stated as a syllogism.

Ed is a Methodist.
All Methodists are Protestant.
Therefore Ed is a Protestant.

In other words, there can be no other alternative to the first two propositions.

2. Inherent Nature of Things

The known world contains certain truths that can not be disputed. For example, rain is wet.

3, Isomorphous Conditions

Certain things can exist outside our frame of reference or understanding. But, our minds cannot deal with contradicitions; like, Can God create a rock bigger than he can lift. If it is a given that God is all powerful, then he can do anything. However, it is beyond the power of our understanding to conceive of a rock bigger than an all-powerful entity can not lift.

4....Verbal Conventions

Because we express our thoughts in words, verbalized ideas must be consonent. Black and Not-Black can not be discriptive of the same object.

I hope this helps.

Answer 2

true and true is true,
true and false is false,
false and true is false and..
false and false is true.