Which method of heat flow is the only one when particles are not needed?

Question

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Answer 1

Radiation.
Heat can flow in 3 ways:
Conduction, like iron rod when heated in one pole gets heat in other pole.
Convection like boiling of water. They both need particles, i.e., they cant occur in vaccum

Radiation occurs in vaccum like transmission of solar heat to earth. You cant expect any thing like particle that helps in heat transmission between sun and earth, right?

One theory of ether being present all over universe, even in vaccum which helps in transmission of heat and all electromagnetic waves like light, have been discarded by Michelson Morley and Einstein.

Answer 2

Radiation is the only form of heat transfer that can occur in the absence of any form of medium and as such is the only means of heat transfer through a vacuum. Thermal radiation is a direct result of the movements of atoms and molecules in a material. Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles (protons and electrons), their movements result in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface. At the same time, the surface is constantly bombarded by radiation from the surroundings, resulting in the transfer of energy to the surface. Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from higher temperatures to lower temperatures results.

For room temperature objects (~300 K), the majority of photons emitted (and involved in radiative heat transfer) are in the infrared spectrum, but this is by no means the only frequency range involved in radiation. The frequencies emitted are partially related to black-body radiation. Hotter objects—a light bulb filament at 3000K for instance—transfer heat in the visible spectrum or beyond. Whenever EM radiation is emitted and then absorbed, heat is transferred. This principle is used in microwave ovens, laser cutting, and RF hair removal.

Answer 3

Radiation

Answer 4

Radiation

Answer 5

Radiation.

Answer 6

radiation