How does the earthing system in an electrical circuit work?

Answer 1

It would help if I knew what country you were in. Basically in the UK, you normally have 3 wires going to an electrical appliance. Live (brown), neutral (blue) and Earth (green/yellow). The current that flows is AC, alternating current. It's produced by a alternator. Usually at high voltage to be ditributed and then the voltage is transformed down to 230V for domestic use. Touching the live wire, can be lethal, you get a shock. The current runs through your body and then to ground. The earth conducts electriicty it's made up of the mineral that aluminium is made of mainly. So the sub-station that transforms the voltage down to 230V is earthed. You touch live and you get a nasty shock. For safety reasons then all metal in your house has to be earthed. Water pipes are earthed and gas pipes, just in case something goes wrong and the live comes in contact say with the casing of your washing machine!
Now for the question that foxes many trainee electricians! If the sub station wasn't earthed, then you could touch live and not get a shock! The current couldn't flow back to earth! The only way to get a shock would be to touch both live and neutral. The answer to this question for would-be electricians is 3 phase electricity! The sub-station actually produces 3 phases from it's transformer. Many companies have their own sub-station transformer and get 3 phase electricity at 415 volts instead of the usual 230V. If you touch one of the wires from 3 phase and another of the phases; you get a 415 volt shock - almost certainly lethal. But if you only touch one phase, the power goes to earth and you only get 230V - and if you're wearing rubber soled shoes you stand a chance of survival. So the reason is to make 3 phase electricity in factories much safer!
Electrical engineers please consider the question carefully - before disagreeing! lol

Answer 2

If you have an electric fire for example, which has a bare wire touching the metal casing.

If the fire has no earth it would continue working, but if you touch the casing which is live, you would complete the circuit to earth and you would get a shock, maybe even die.

But if the casing is connected to earth, as soon as the fault develops, the the electric current flows straight to earth and blows the fuse..

Answer 3

Kirchoff's law dictates how voltage and current distribute in series and parallel circuits. When you add additional rods you are creating a series-parallel circuit. Meaning that all the rods are in series with the electrical system BUT the rods are in parallel with each other. For equal value resistors in parallel you divide the ohm value by the number of identical resistors to acheive the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination. To compute the value of parallel resistances which have different values: Requiv = 1 / ( 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r....) Take the reciprocal of each resistance value (1/x) add these reciprocals together then tthe reciprocal of the total Looking at this from why resistance goes down from another perspective: For each ground rod you drive you are adding additional surface area of copper to ground thereby improving the connection. For resistance you can think of it as adding additional cross sectional area. ( Its like using a larger diameter wire) The additional area provides an easier path for electrons to travel and hence less resistance...

Answer 4

In electricity supply systems, an earthing system defines the electrical potential of the conductors relative to that of the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system has implications for the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply.

Answer 5

2

Answer 6

1

Answer 7

Ground (electricity)
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Signal
ground Chassis
ground Earth
ground

Ground symbolsThe term ground or earth usually means a common return path in electrical circuits. The terms Earth return and ground return are also common.

Contents [hide]
1 Meanings
2 Uses
3 History
4 See also
5 Source
6 External links



[edit]
Meanings

A copper stake earth connection at a residential home in Australia. Note the green and yellow marked earth wire.In electrical engineering, the term ground or earth has the following meanings:

An electrical connection to earth. The part directly in contact with the earth (the earth electrode) can be as simple as a metal (usually copper) rod or stake driven into the earth, or a connection to buried metal water piping. Or it can be a complex system of buried rods and wires. The resistance of the electrode-to-earth connection determines its quality, and is improved by increasing the surface area of the electrode in contact with the earth, increasing the depth to which it is driven, using several connected ground rods, increasing the moisture of the soil, improving the conductive mineral content of the soil, and increasing the land area covered by the ground system. This type of ground applies to radio antennas and to lightning protection systems.
In a mains (AC power) wiring installation, the grounding is the wire that carries currents away under fault conditions. This power ground grounding wire is (directly or indirectly) connected to one or more earth electrodes. These may be located locally, be far away in the suppliers network or in many cases both. This grounding wire is usually but not always connected to the neutral wire at some point and they may even share a cable for part of the system under some conditions. The ground wire is also usually bonded to pipework to keep it at the same potential as the electrical ground during a fault. Water supply pipes often used to be used as ground electrodes but this was banned in some countries when plastic pipe such as PVC became popular.
In an electrical circuit operating at signal voltages (usually less than 50 V or so), a common return path that is the zero voltage reference level for the equipment or system. This signal ground may or may not actually be connected to a power ground. A system where the system ground is not actually connected to earth is often referred to as a floating ground.
An electrical connection to the inside surface of a Faraday cage. Any excess charges deposited on the inner surface of a Faraday cage will migrate to the outer surface of the cage, where they can produce no electric fields within the enclosure. For this reason, the inside surface of a Faraday cage behaves like an infinite sink for electrical charge from the perspective of objects within. Even if the Faraday cage itself is not connected to the Earth, the inner surface of the cage can be used in place of an earth connection.
A ground conductor on a lightning protection system used to dissipate the strike into the earth.
[edit]
Uses
A power ground NEC (Article 250 ) You need to establish an effective ground-fault current path and the earth shall not be considered as an effective ground-fault current path. Ground serves to provide a return path for fault currents and therefore allow the fuse or breaker to disconnect the circuit. The power ground is also often bonded to the house's incoming pipework, and pipes and cables entering the bathroom are sometimes cross-bonded. This is done to try to reduce the voltage between objects that can be touched simultaneously. Filters also connect to the power ground, but this is mainly to stop the power ground carrying noise into the systems the filters protect, rather than a direct use of the power ground.

In Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) electrical distribution systems, costs are saved by using just a single high voltage conductor for the power grid, while routing the AC return current through the earth. This system is mostly used in rural areas where large earth currents will not otherwise cause hazards.

Signal grounds serve as return paths for signals and power at low voltages (less than about 50 V) within equipment, and on the signal interconnections between equipment. Many electronic designs feature a single return that acts as a reference for all signals.

Power and signal grounds often get connected together, usually through the metal case of the equipment.

Lightning protection is a very specialised form of grounding used in an attempt to divert the huge currents from lightning strikes.

Grounding is primarily used for safety to prevent electric shock or fires caused by a voltage potential between the earth and a conductor such as an appliance cabinet or chassis. Grounding is often used to conduct lightning strikes harmlessly to earth rather than starting fires and damaging equipment. It is also used to control electrical noise in computer, audio and video, and communications circuits. This illustrates that an electrical ground should have an appropriate current-carrying capability in order to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level.

[edit]
History
Long-distance electromagnetic telegraph systems from 1820 onwards used two or more wires to carry the signal and return currents. It was then discovered, probably by the German scientist Carl August Steinheil in 1836-1837 [1], that the ground could be used as the return path to complete the circuit, making the return wire unnecessary. However, there were problems with this system, exemplified by the transcontinental telegraph line constructed in 1861 by the Western Union Company between Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. During dry weather, the ground connection often developed a high resistance, requiring water to be poured on the ground rod to enable the telegraph to work or phones to ring.

Later, when telephony began to replace telegraphy, it was found that the currents in the earth induced by power systems, electrical railways, other telephone and telegraph circuits, and natural sources including lightning caused unacceptable interference to the audio signals, and the two-wire system was reintroduced.

[edit]
See also
Domestic AC power plugs and sockets
Earthing systems
Ground constants
Ground loop
Phantom circuit
Phantom loop
Virtual ground
Ground mat
[edit]
Source
Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188
[edit]
External links
The Electromagnetic Telegraph, by J. B. Calvert
Grounding for Low- and High- Frequency Circuits (PDF) — Analog Devices Application Note
An IC Amplifier User’s Guide to Decoupling, Grounding, and Making Things Go Right for a Change (PDF) — Analog Devices