who is henry fauls?

Question

i need his biography.

Answer 1

Henry Faulds
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Dr Henry Faulds (1 June 1843 - 1930) was a Scottish scientist who is noted for the development of fingerprinting.

Faulds was born in the Scottish town of Beith. Aged 13, he went to Glasgow to work as a clerk; at 21 he decided to enrol at Glasgow University, where he studied mathematics, logic and the classics. He later studied medicine at Anderson's College.

Following his education he became a missionary and was sent to Japan, where he became the superintendent of Tuskiji Hospital, Tokyo and founded the Tokyo Institute for the Blind. Whilst accompanying a friend to an archaeological dig he noticed how the delicate impressions left by craftsmen could be discerned in ancient clay fragments. Examining his own fingertips and those of friends, he became convinced that the pattern of ridges was unique to each individual.

Shortly after these observations his hospital was broken into. The local police arrested a member of staff who Faulds believed to be innocent. Determined to exonerate the man he compared the prints left behind at the crime scene to those of the suspect and found them to be different. On the strength of this evidence the police agreed to release the suspect.

In an attempt to promote the idea of fingerprint identification he sought the help of the noted naturalist Charles Darwin. Darwin declined to work on the idea, but passed it on to his relative Francis Galton, who forwarded it to the Anthropological Society of London. When Galton returned to the topic some eight years later, he paid little attention to Faulds letter. As a result of this interchange some controversy has arisen about the inventor of modern forensic fingerprinting. However, there can be no doubt that Faulds' first paper on the subject was published in the scientific journal Nature in 1880; all parties conceded this.

The following month Sir William Herschel, a British civil servant based in India, wrote to Nature saying that he had been using fingerprints (as a form of bar code) to identify criminals since 1860. However, Herschel did not mention their potential for forensic use. Over the years, Faulds conducted a bitter controversy with Herschel over the use of fingerprints, demanding proof in 1894 that Herschel had ever used fingerprints officially, which Herschel duly provided, and then writing a series of books and pamphlets many years later containing variations of the argument that he had been cheated his due credit (see [1] for complete facsimiles of these and other fundamental works on fingerprinting, and the Herschel/Faulds letters). These books were published from 1905 onward, long after fingerprinting had come into widespread use.

Returning to Britain in 1886, after a quarrel with the Missionary society which ran his hospital in Japan, Faulds offered the concept of fingerprint identification to Scotland Yard but he was dismissed, most likely because he did not present the extensive evidence required to show that prints are durable, unique and practically classifiable. Subsequently, Faulds returned to the life of a police surgeon in the Stoke-on-Trent town of Fenton. In 1922 he sold his practice and moved to nearby Wolstanton where he died in March 1930 aged 86.

Faulds did not believe that individual finger prints were unique and argued throughout his life for a classification scheme based on full sets of ten prints, where the combination of each finger pattern, at the arch-whorl-loop etc. level, forms a ten-part identifier of the set. Actual forensic use of fingerprints depended at its outset, as it does today, on single-print matches, using minutiae within each print rather than just the broad pattern exhibited by it. Faulds did not anticipate this, and died believing it to be fallacious.
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Legacy

As a purely practical matter, Faulds had no direct effect on the development of finger printing and its adoption by criminal justice systems internationally. None of his publications contain any substantial data of his own about the actual occurrence and characteristics of fingerprint patterns. He does deserve credit, however, for being an early investigator and advocate of the broad notion of using fingerprints forensically, even if he never grasped the form this took practically.


Significant Scots
Henry Faulds
Whilst still in Japan, on 28/10/1880 his Nature paper on fingerprints was published. This paper is typical of the time and rather turgid, but in it Faulds makes two critical observations:

1) "When bloody finger-marks or impressions on clay, glass etc., exist, they may lead to the scientific identification of criminals."

2) "A common slate or smooth board of any kind, or a sheet of tin, spread over very thinly and evenly with printer's ink, is all that is required [to take fingerprints]."

This was the first suggestion ever, that fingerprints could be used to catch a crook, and most importantly how you might do it.

DR HENRY Faulds defines the forgotten Scot, a scientific pioneer who changed the world by betting on a 64-billion-to-one chance that no two people have the same fingerprints.

But his place in history was usurped by the unscrupulous, and it was no comfort that his chief betrayer was Charles Darwin, a man who had also challenged human thinking.

But recently, Dr Faulds’s obscurity has been redressed. A book published in the United States has gone some way to reinstate the medical missionary - still revered in Japan - as the father of one of the most significant developments in crime detection.

Now, the people of Beith, in Ayrshire, his home town, with the support of the Scottish Executive, are to create a lasting memorial to Dr Faulds.

They have raised money, which they hope will be added to by a Heritage Lottery Fund grant, to erect a permanent monument, only the second memorial in the world to the pioneer.

The other is at Tsukiji hospital in Tokyo, which Dr Faulds founded for the sick and needy of that city.

Donald Reid, a former police superintendent in Glasgow who is a member of the Henry Faulds Society, founded in Beith last year, said: "As an ex-cop, I know only too well the value of what this man did. It would be dreadful to let his memory or his achievements slip out of our consciousness."

Meanwhile, the Scottish Parliament passed a motion tabled by Campbell Martin, the local MSP, which sought to "right the wrong" of the scientist’s name being written out of history.

Dr Faulds, who was born in 1843, was the first person to recognise the unique nature of fingerprints and their potential for forensic application.

Later research revealed that the chances of two people having the same prints were 64 billion to one against.

The discovery revolutionised law enforcement as the definitive means of human identification until the advent of DNA.

Dr Faulds was the first man in history to establish the innocence of a suspect and assist in the conviction of a felon.

However, when Dr Faulds, then in Japan, appealed to the ageing Darwin, author of The Origin of Species, for help to expand his research, Darwin passed Dr Faulds’s findings to his scientist nephew, Sir Francis Galton.

But Sir Francis and his colleague, William Henry, stole the discovery and history has recorded it as their work.

Dr Faulds died in obscurity in 1930, but the New York author, Colin Beavan, wrote a book which "set the record straight".

Dr Faulds studied medicine at Anderson College - later part of Glasgow University - and later became a missionary. In 1874, he became the United Free Presbyterian Church’s first medical missionary to Japan, where, in 1875, he established the Tsukiji hospital and was offered the post of physician to the Imperial Household.

But the moment that changed the history of criminal detection came when he was studying ancient pottery and found a fingerprint. Curious, he began a scientific study by removing his own prints with chemicals and discovered they grew back in the same pattern.

The breakthrough came when Tokyo police arrested a man for burglary. Dr Faulds proved he was not the thief, and when they arrested another suspect he established his guilt.

In 1880, Dr Faulds published his research, in which he predicted its forensic application.

Mr Reid added: "He made a remarkable contribution and we are currently identifying a site for his memorial, only the second in the world."


Henry Faulds (1843 - 1930)

Henry Faulds studied medicine in Strathclyde from around 1871 to 1874, when he was sent to Japan to work as a doctor and evangelist. While there he became the Surgeon Superintendent and opened the Tuskiji Hospital in Tokyo. He introduced methods to combat typhoid, lectured on surgical complications, taught at the local university, and evidently became fluent in Japanese. He was also responsible for founding the Tokyo Institute for the Blind that exists to this day.

While in Japan, in October 1880, he published a paper in Nature magazine on fingerprints. He made two important observations, that 'When bloody finger-marks or impressions on clay, glass etc., exist, they may lead to the scientific identification of criminals'. The second suggested that 'a common slate or smooth board of any kind, or a sheet of tin, spread over very thinly and evenly with printer's ink, is all that is required [to take fingerprints].'

This was the first recorded suggestion that fingerprints could be used to catch criminals, and how it might be done. The following month Sir William Herschel, a British civil servant working in India, published a letter, again in Nature, where he explained that he had been using fingerprints as a means to identify criminals in jail since 1860. However, he had been using fingerprints as a form of bar code, and failed to mention the potential for forensic use.

In 1886, Faulds returned to Britain, and offered his fingerprinting system to Scotland Yard, who declined the offer. Two years later, however, Francis Galton delivered a paper to the Royal Institution, stating that Herschel had suggested forensic usage before Faulds, under the erroneous impression that his article had been the earlier of the two. This prompted a battle of letters between Faulds and Herschel that would continue until 1917, when Herschel conceded that Faulds had been the first to suggest a forensic use for fingerprints.

The first recorded case of the forensic use of fingerprints had occurred in 1892, when an Argentinean police inspector, Juan Vucetich, identified Francesca Rojas in a murder case, using fingerprints left at the scene. It was not until 1901, however, that the British began to use fingerprints. Faulds died in 1930, having received no recognition for his contribution.

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