How specifically were large groups of "brand-new" genetic code created that led to new functions, or species?

Question

What is the science, not theory! I keep getting these run around answers. If you believe in creation, then please do not answer. I'm looking for scientific facts.

Answer 1

When you say "the science, not theory" you need to understand that the theory *is* the science ... and this is true in *all* branches of science.

It's probably not that people are giving you a run-around, but that the details vary so much from case to case, that it's impossible to give a single mechanism that explains all of them.

First, there are *many* different processes that can produce new genetic material ... gene duplication, regional duplication, gene translocation and transposition, gene recombination, etc. For example, gene duplication is when an extra copy of a gene is created on a chromosome during the normal replication, which produces two genes that can evolve separately. Or gene translocation is when a gene or gene fragment moves from one chromosomal location to another, which can cause a gene to lose expression, or can cause an unexpressed gene to suddenly become expressed.

Second, a fairly dramatic change doesn't require a lot of "brand-new" genetic code. For an organism to suddenly grow more hair, or have more or less pigment in its skin, or to grow and extra set of anntenae or legs, does not require huge amounts of "brand-new" code for hairs, or pigment, or antennae or legs ... a tiny alteration during DNA transcription can cause a long-dormant (unexpressed) gene to suddenly become expressed again, or for copies of structures to be made or moved to different location on the body.

Third, the vast majority of genetic changes simply make small alterations to existing structures or proteins. As long as the alteration provides some advantage, no matter how slight, this can cause the gene to become more frequent over time. And this process has tremendous capacity to generate new genetic code over hundreds and thousands of generations.

For example, color vision in primates (absent in other mammals) seems to be the result of a few simple alterations in the genes for the opsin segments of photopigments that arose about 45 million years ago. Sometime prior to that time, a gene duplication event on the X-chromosome led to the duplication of the gene for the Medium-wavelength (green) photopigment. This was followed by a simple alteration of the photopigment that tuned it for longer wavelengths (the reds). This produced two separate photopigments in the retina of those individuals, and there was enough advantage in the ability to distinguish reds/greens that 45 million years later this has propagated to the majority of individuals of Old World (African-originated) primate species (including humans). (New World primates don't have this feature, and are "colorblind", except for the howler monkey, which seems to have developed red-green color vision through a different genetic mechanism.) Still to this day, not 100% of individuals have this gene on their X-chromosomes, leading to a substantial percentage of people (primarily males, who have only one X-chromosome) who are red-green "colorblind." That is all just "theory", but the evidence for it is very strong based on gene sequencing, molecular evidence, and the distribution of these genes around the world.

The exact "science" varies so much from case to case, that it's impossible to call them all a single theory. It's no run-around. This is just complicated.

As for the creation of new *species*, it's important to understand that a species is not just the result of a genetic change one day. Two populations of the same species can become geographically isolated ... and this may or may not be the result of some genetic change that causes one or the other to thrive better in a different environment, or some environmental event like a drought that causes two populations to become separated, or just basic migration, etc. Whatever the cause, if the two populations are genetically separated, then they will begin to evolve separately. Both are producing genetic differences, creating new genetic code, dropping the expression of some genes, re-awakening the expression of some long-dormant (unexpressed) gene, etc. If the populations are isolated for long enough, they may lose the willingness to mate with each other, producing further genetic isolation. Eventually this genetic isolation is solidified in an *inability* to mate with each other, and we have what biologists label a new "species."

Hope that helps.

Answer 2

the specivicity of new traits are always less as they are somewhat similar to the parent organism as the existance of such species must be supported.so a totally brand new dna sequence till this day is not prepared but the external features vary a lot