Can you give me some information about HIV virus.?

Answer 1

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), member of the Retroviridae family of viruses (commonly known as retroviruses), and classified in the subfamily lentiviruses. Human infection with HIV results in a complex clinical disease known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which may take ten years or more to develop. HIV was isolated in 1983 almost simultaneously by three groups of scientists: Luc Montagnier's group at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, Robert Gallo's group at the National Cancer Institute, and a group headed by Jay Levy at the University of California, San Francisco. Initial infection with HIV may cause a brief flu-like illness, which is typically followed by a long asymptomatic period during which progressive damage to the immune system occurs, resulting eventually in the onset of clinical disease.
HIV is closely related to viruses that cause similar immunodeficiency diseases in a range of animal species. Its origin in humans is widely accepted to have resulted from cross-species transfer of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, in central Africa, probably centuries ago. Changing social mores and urbanization are believed to have provided the conditions necessary for the emergence of HIV as a pandemic during the latter decades of the 20th century. In 2000, close attention to alternative aetiologic (causative) theories, such as the suggestion that HIV spread to humans from contaminated polio vaccines developed in Africa during the 1950s, concluded that there is little evidence to support them.

There are two main types of HIV, known as HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is responsible for the majority of infections in the West, while both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are prevalent in Africa. HIV-2 is associated with a less aggressive disease course than HIV-1. HIV-1 has been further classified into several subtypes, known as clades, whose geographical distribution varies from country to country. No preventative vaccine for HIV infection exists, although several candidate vaccines have entered human trials. It remains unclear whether a single vaccine is ever likely to be able to provide protection against all HIV clades, or whether different vaccines may be required for each clade.
HIV infects certain human cells by binding its envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 to specific molecules on the surface of the cells. Only cells that carry the appropriate molecules are susceptible to infection by HIV. In the 1980s, scientists quickly recognized that a molecule called CD4, which is found particularly on certain T-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), was the primary binding site, but it was only in 1996 that other co-receptors that are also required for infection were identified. Fusion of the virus with the cell membrane permits the viral nucleoid to enter the cell.

One of the co-receptors is called chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). Because of their inherited genetic make-up, about 14 per cent of Caucasians have unusually small numbers of these receptors on the surface of their cells and a smaller proportion do not express CCR5 on their cells at all, rendering these cells less susceptible to infection with HIV. Studies suggest that this may help to explain why some people appear to be resistant to HIV infection and remain HIV-negative despite multiple exposures to the virus, and why some HIV-positive people experience slower disease progression than others.

As HIV disease progresses, HIV variants called syncytium-inducing (SI) strains evolve within the individual's body. SI variants can use an additional co-receptor on human cells, called CXCR4. This may allow HIV to infect a wider range of cells and may help to explain why the emergence of SI variants is associated with a worse prognosis. Again, a small proportion of Caucasians (about 1 per cent) do not produce this co-receptor.

Once fusion has taken place, reverse transcription then occurs to convert the viral genomic RNA into double-stranded DNA. The viral DNA is transported to the cell nucleus and is integrated, or inserted, into the normal cellular chromosomal DNA. When the right activation signals are present, the process of making new virions begins. Using the replication machinery of the host cell, the integrated viral DNA is transcribed to make messenger RNA (mRNA) and new strands of viral genomic RNA. The viral mRNA is then translated into a protein string that is cleaved into specific viral proteins. Assembly of new virions then takes place within the cell, and the new HIV particles are released by budding from the cell surface, taking a piece of the cell membrane as their envelope.

HIV replication can directly kill CD4+ T-lymphocytes. The loss of these cells paralyses the immune system and is one mechanism by which HIV infection causes AIDS.

A number of anti-HIV drugs have been developed, each targeting a different stage in this viral life cycle. By 2001, nine reverse transcriptase inhibitors and six protease inhibitors had been developed, with more in development. The widespread use of combinations of these agents in the developed world has resulted in dramatic reductions in rates of HIV-related illness and death. Several members of a new class of drugs, which inhibit the binding or fusion of HIV to host cells, are now in clinical development.

Answer 2

Hmmm. I see that there is alot of people copy paste from somewhere. I`d rather hate that.
HIV...(Human Immuno Defficiency Viruz)
A type of retrovirus that commonly strike out for our body immun "security" system. So as I know that this virus will appearently attached into the cell of our body. Than will than inject their genetic substances into our body. Why does it dangerous???
Its genetic substances is the answer. After it injected it, than it will be accumulated with the host genetic codes. That is really dangerous. One changes og genes codes could bring us to the great negative effect. cancer, mutation and a lot more.
Do u know about the P53 gene??? That is the gene codes that controlled the apoptosis (cell commited suicide). If that gene disappear, cancer may occur. And also that HIV might be developed into the AIDS one.

If I make that simulation, The virus gene we simulated as the terrorist, and that P53 as the police head quarter. So that the terrorist will the attacked the police HQ first. They will did the spy method and assassinated the police leader. Than afterward they are now free to mess the city.

And so did happened here in or body.
So that is why until now there are no cure medicine for That F***ing HIV AIDS. Hey u, pray for me. I will become a great human genetic scientist and will treat that HIV AIDS by the genetic therapy. (I have got the method, just the practical)

Regarrd
-Double Helix : 2nd year of A-Level student : From Indonesia-

Answer 3

Some how there appear to be a degradation in the human immune system we makes the immunune system helpless because the hiv virus attacks the the t-4 cells which is the defense mechanism.
Until science gets to understand what happened to the immune system when it degraded the disease can only be put in remmision but not cured.

Answer 4

Human immunodeficiency virus (commonly known as HIV, and formerly known as HTLV-III and lymphadenopathy-associated virus) is a retrovirus that is the cause of the disease known as AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, a syndrome where the immune system begins to fail, leading to many life-threatening opportunistic infections.

HIV primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It also directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells. As CD4+ T cells are required for the proper functioning of the immune system, when enough CD4+ T cells have been destroyed by HIV, the immune system functions poorly, leading to AIDS. HIV also directly attacks organs such as the kidneys, heart and brain, leading to acute renal failure, cardiomyopathy, dementia and encephalopathy. Many of the problems faced by people infected with HIV result from failure of the immune system to protect from opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid or breast milk. This transmission can come in the form of: penetrative (anal or vaginal) sex; oral sex; blood transfusion; contaminated needles; exchange between mother and infant during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding; or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.

Infection in humans is now pandemic. As of January 2006, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.4—3.3 million lives, of which more than 570,000 were children.[1] A third of these deaths are occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth by destroying human capital. Current estimates state that HIV is set to infect 90 million people in Africa, resulting in a minimum estimate of 18 million orphans.[2] Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[3]
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Answer 5

HIV--Human Immuno Deficiency Virus

Waht it does----It lowers our resitence towards diseases

so what..? ---if u dont have enough resitence then even a
common cold could lead to pneumonia.. if such a simple condition called "common cold" can be this devastating then imagine what you u could end up with if u happen to get some serious infection

Disease caused by HIV ----AIDS (Aquired Immuno Deficiency syndrome).... see.. no one can be born with AIDS .. its what one aquires during his/ her lifetime through certain habits)

How HIV gets into a human body----Sexual intercourse (Exchange of body fluids) with a person who has been infected with HIV (spouse or not).....Using Syringe used by HIV infeceted peron...Blood transfusion from a HIV infected donor ...HIV infected mother to child

How to Protect ourselves from HIV--Avoid all the above ( except that u cannot prevent a child from getting infected of the mother is testyed positive for HIV infection)

How to avoid getting others infected by HIV---Go get tested for HIV infection..use condoms... destroy the used syringes ..

How HIV DOES NOT SPREAD ----by touch, kiss on the cheek, using same towels,holding hands,eating togather,bodily contact like hugging, etc

How to react to an HIV infected person--- dont stare..dont shun.. shake hands.. talk about the movies last seen.. go to a bar and have fun.....PRAY FOR THAT PERSON TO HAVE A PEACEFUL LIFE FROM THEN ON

Answer 6

http://www.projectinform.org/ this will get you started though there are lots of sites on the web just remember that it can only be passed through bodily fluids like semen or blood & breast milk touching or kissing unless the person has open sores on mouth does not pass it

Answer 7

i hate people that copy and paste. know this... its bad and is transmitted easily - its also easier for a female to get it.

Answer 8

Go to the source.

http://www.aids.org/

Answer 9

i m totally agree with randita..stop copy-paste...