what do you know about the extraction of chemical composition of eupatorium odoratum(christmas bush)?

Question

this is to know the alkaloid contents of the plant

Answer 1

Chemical constituents of aroma compounds from three local herbs; Sab Sua (Eupatorium odoratum Linn.), Som Poy (Acacia concinna (willd.) DC.), and Ma Kwaen (Zanthoxylum limonella Alst.), can be performed by extraction of essential oils using direct steam distillation. The chemical composition were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Major constituents of volatile essential oils found in these herbs were terpene hybrocarbons (mono- and sesquiterpenes) and oxygenated terpenes. Geijerene, calarene and d-cadinene were identified to be major constituents in essential oils from Sab Sua. Predominent compounds in Som Poy are palmitic acid, furfural and 5-methyl-2-furfural. It was also found that limonene, (-phellandrene and 2-undecanone were present as major constituents in the essential oils of Ma Kwaen.


Eupatorium odoratum
Siam weed

Member of the Compositae. Genus has 1200 spp. Medicinal uses. Report on use as leaf meal for chickens. Low availability of amino acids

Close on the heels of a series of animal deaths in the famous Nanadankanan zoo near Bhubaneswar in August, now comes the news of a deadly weed which is choking the growth of trees and depriving herbivores of their feed in the state's jungles.

"Thousands of square kilometres of forest areas, home to sal, teak and piasal trees, face a serious threat from deadly Eupatorium weed (eupatorium odoratum)," said Biswajit Mohanty, secretary, Wildlife Society of Orissa.

This weed, a fast growing pernicious plant with tiny flowers, has spread across almost all the major forests in the state.

Most of the wildlife sanctuaries, including the famous Simlipal Tiger Reserve, too have reported the presence of Eupatorium. The Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary has been infested with a heavy growth of this weed, depriving elephants of their feed.

Elephants love to graze on small tender leaves, but Eupatorium chokes the growth of such vegetation.

Mohanty warned that if nothing was done urgently to control the growth of Eupatorium, it could lead to an ecological disaster.

"The state government has yet to wake up to the danger posed by the rampant proliferation of this weed," he said.

There is conclusive evidence that Eupatorium, originally from South America, made its way into the state from Assam and West Bengal sometime in the late sixties.

"Urgent steps have to be taken to address this problem before we lose more forests to this weed. In West Bengal, there has been a failure of timber plantations due to the rapid proliferation of this weed which stunts the growth of saplings." Nayak added.

WSO has suggested a massive eradication programme be undertaken. "Quick action is needed before more forest areas and wildlife habitats are lost to this weed," Mohanty said.

The eradication programme would need the involvement of tribals, who would be the first and the worst hit if Eupatorium were allowed a free run.

Plants belonging to the Eupatorium species, E. japonicum Thunb, E. fortunei and
E. chinense, were found to contain very low concentrations of pyrrolizidine
alkaloid compared with a known hepatotoxic Indian herbal mixture and Crotalaria
assamica. High concentrations of pyrrolic metabolite were detected in livers of
mice given a single oral dose of extracts of Indian herbal mixture or C.
assamica but not in the case of the Eupatorium species. Also, accumulation of
pyrrole metabolites was not demonstrated with chronic administration of
decoctions prepared from herbs of the Eupatorium species.

Plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of gonorrhoea were
macerated in 50% alcohol and the tincture tested for in vitro activity against
Neisseria gonorrhoeae using strains isolated from symptomatic patients and
confirmed by standard bacteriological procedures. From 46 plants investigated,
13 (28.3%) showed evident inhibition zones (> 9 mm), seven (15.2%) showed small
activity (6.1- 8.9 mm) and 26 (56.5%) showed no activity; nine of these plants
inhibited five strains of N. gonorrhoea freshly isolated. The most active plants
of American origin were: bark of Bixa orellana fruits of Parmentiera edulis,
leaf of Diphysa robinioides, Eupatorium odoratum, Gliricidia sepium, Physalis
angulata, Piper aduncum and Prosopis juliflora, root of Casimiroa edulis, and
whole Clematis dioica.

Answer 2

odorata is a herbaceous perennial that forms dense tangled bushes 1.5-2.0 m in height. It occasionally reaches its maximum height of 6 m (as a climber on other plants). Its stems branch freely, with lateral branches developing in pairs from the axillary buds. The older stems are brown and woody near the base; tips and young shoots are green and succulent. The root system is fibrous and does not penetrate beyond 20-30 cm in most soils. The flowerheads are borne in terminal corymbs of 20 to 60 heads on all stems and branches. The flowers are white or pale bluish-lilac, and form masses covering the whole surface of the bush (Cruttwell and McFadyen 1989).
C. odorata is a big bushy herb with long rambling (but not twining) branches; stems terete, pubescent; leaves opposite, flaccid-membranous, velvety-pubescent, deltoid-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, very coarsely toothed, each margin with 1-5 teeth, or entire in youngest leaves; base obtuse or subtruncate but shortly decurrent; petiole slender, 1-1.5 cm long; blade mostly 5-12 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, capitula in sub-corymbose axillary and terminal clusters; peduncles 1-3 cm long, bracteate; bracts slender, 10-12 mm long; involucre of about 4-5 series of bracts, pale with green nerves, acute, the lowest ones about 2 mm long, upper ones 8-9 mm long, all acute, distally ciliate, flat, appressed except the extreme divergent tip; florets all alike (disc-florets), pale purple to dull off-white, the styles extending about 4 mm beyond the apex of the involucre, spreading radiately; receptacle very narrow; florets about 20-30 or a few more, 10-12 mm long; ovarian portion 4 mm long; corolla slender trumpet form; pappus of dull white hairs 5 mm long; achenes glabrous or nearly so (Stone 1970). The seeds of Siam weed are small (3-5 mm long, ~1 mm wide, and weigh about 2.5 mg seed-1 (Vanderwoude et al . 2005).
Occurs in:
agricultural areas, disturbed areas, natural forests, planted forests, range/grasslands, riparian zones, scrub/shrublands
Habitat description
Siam weed grows on a wide range of soils. Siam weed grows in a range of vegetation types, e.g. forests (annual rainfall 1500 mm), grassland and arid bushveld (annual rainfall less than 500 mm) (Goodall and Erasmus 1996, in Vanderwoude et al . 2005). In arid areas, it is restricted to riverbanks and it will only become invasive in the frost-free areas of medium to arid woodland which are not water-stressed in the growing season (Honu and Dang, 2002 in Vanderwoude et al . 2005). For good growth of Siam weed seedlings, the relative humidity should be in the range of 60 – 70%; at values higher than 80% the growth performance was poor (Ambika 2002, in Vanderwoude et al . 2005). Experiments show that Siam weed seedlings grew well at 30°C, and even better on mulched soils at 25°C (Ambika 2002, in Vanderwoude et al . 2005). In heavy shade, Siam weed will not seed. Siam weed has a negative relationship with tree canopy cover and appears to be most abundant on the edge of forested areas (Feleke 2003, Luwum 2002, in Vanderwoude et al . 2005). Witkowski (2002) reports that in north-eastern India, Siam weed is regarded as a nutrient-demanding early successional species (Ramakrishnan 1992, in Vanderwoude et al . 2005). It takes advantage of the flush of soil N that becomes available after a disturbance like fire or land clearing for agriculture and exhibits relatively high foliar N, P and K contents (Saxena and Ramakrishnan 1983, in Vanderwoude et al . 2005).
General impacts
Forms dense stands which prevent establishment of other species, both due to competition and allelopathic effects. When dry C. odorata becomes a fuel which may promote wild bushfires, (PIER 2003). C. odorata may also cause skin complaints and asthma in allergy-prone people. It is a major weed in plantations and croplands, including plantations of rubber, oil palm, forestry and coffee plants.
It is also a weed of national parks. For example, in the Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, a recently acclaimed World Heritage Site in South Africa, where it interferes with natural ecosystem processes. Nesting Nile crocodiles ( Crocodylus niloticus ) require open, sunny, sandy areas in which to deposit their eggs. However the alien plant Chromolaena odorata shades and overtakes nesting sites creating fibrous root mats unsuitable for egg chamber and nest construction. As well as altering this natural habitat Siam weed produces shade producing cold temperatures in any nests that do get constructed, an effect that produces a female-biased sex ratio in the offspring as well as perhaps preventing embryonic development altogether (Leslie and Spotila 2001).
Uses
C. odorata is an ornamental plant that is sometimes encouraged for use in shifting slash-and-burn agriculture to compete with Imperata cylindrica (alang alang or cogon grass), which is harder to control.

Answer 3

ROFLMHO!! Sounds more like CLINTON to ME!!

Answer 4

i agree with the above..