Blog
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For other uses, see Blog (disambiguation).
It has been suggested that Online diary be merged into this article or section.
A weblog, which is usually shortened to blog, is a website where regular entries are made (such as in a journal or diary) and presented in reverse chronological order. Blogs often offer commentary or news on a particular subject, such as food, politics, or local news; some function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. Most blogs are primarily textual although many focus on photographs, videos or audio. The word blog can also be used as a verb, meaning adding an entry to a blog.
* 1 History
o 1.1 1994–2001
o 1.2 2001–2004
o 1.3 2004–present
* 2 Types of blogs
* 3 Anatomy of a blog entry
o 3.1 Comments
* 4 Blog popularity
* 5 Searching Blogs
* 6 Blogging and the mass media
* 7 How blogs are made
* 8 Legal issues
* 9 Common terms
* 10 See also
o 10.1 Blogging software
* 11 References
* 12 External links
History
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Electronic communities existed before internetworking. For example the AP wire was, in effect, similar to a large chat room with "wire fights" and electronic conversations. Another pre-digital electronic community, amateur (or "ham") radio, allowed individuals who set up their own transmitters to communicate with others directly.
Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, e-mail lists and bulletin board systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, such as WebEx, created running conversations with "threads." Threads are topical connections between messages on a metaphorical "corkboard."
1994–2001
Brad Fitzpatrick, an early blogger
The modern blog evolved from the online diary where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, journallers, or journalers. A few called themselves escribitionists. The Open Pages webring included members of the online-journal community. Justin Hall, who began eleven years of personal blogging in 1994 while a student at Swarthmore College, is generally recognized as one of the earliest bloggers[1].
Other forms of journals kept online also existed. A notable example was game programmer John Carmack's widely read journal, published via the finger protocol. Websites, including both corporate sites and personal homepages, had and still often have "What's New" or "News" sections, often on the index page and sorted by date. One noteworthy early precursor to a blog was the tongue-in-cheek personal website that was frequently updated by Usenet legend Kibo.
Early weblogs were simply manually updated components of common websites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of web articles posted in said chronological fashion made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, such as Blogger or LiveJournal, or on regular web hosting services, such as DreamHost.
The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997. The short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz. He broke the word weblog into the phrase "we blog" in the sidebar of his weblog in April or May of 1999. [2] "Blog" was accepted as a noun (weblog shortened) and as a verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog").
After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity: the site Xanga, launched in 1996, had only 100 diaries by 1997, but over 50,000,000 as of December 2005. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:
* Open Diary launched in October 1998, soon growing to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
* Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999.
* Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a website, followed by Diaryland in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.[3]
* Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched Blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)
Blogging combined the personal web page with tools to make linking to other pages easier — specifically permalinks, blogrolls and TrackBacks. This, together with weblog search engines enabled bloggers to track the threads that connected them to others with similar interests.
2001–2004
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The first broadly popular American blogs emerged in 2001: Andrew Sullivan's AndrewSullivan.com, Ron Gunzburger's Politics1.com, Taegan Goddard's Political Wire and Jerome Armstrong's MyDD — all blogging primarily on politics.
By 2001, blogging was enough of a phenomenon that how-to manuals began to appear, primarily focusing on technique. The importance of the blogging community (and its relationship to larger society) gained rapidly increasing importance. Established schools of journalism began researching blogging and noting the differences between journalism and blogging.
In 2002, Jerome Armstrong's friend and sometime partner Markos Moulitsas Zúniga began DailyKos. With up to a million visits a day during peak events, it has now become one of the Internet's most trafficked blogs.
Also in 2002, many blogs focused on comments by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott. Senator Lott, at a party honoring U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy advocated by Thurmond's 1948 presidential campaign. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.
The impact of this story gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips, bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media.
Since 2003, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw both left-wing and right-wing bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that did not reflect the traditional left-right divide.
Blogging by established politicians and political candidates, to express opinions on war and other issues, cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner and J. Bradford DeLong.)
The second Iraq war was the first "blog war" in another way: Iraqi bloggers gained wide readership, and one, Salam Pax, published a book of his blog. Blogs were also created by soldiers serving in the Iraq war. Such "milblogs" gave readers new perspectives on the realities of war, as well as often offering different viewpoints from those of official news sources.
Blogging was used to draw attention to obscure news sources. For example, bloggers posted links to traffic cameras in Madrid as a huge anti-terrorism demonstration filled the streets in the wake of the March 11 attacks.
Bloggers began to provide nearly-instant commentary on televised events, creating a secondary meaning of the word "blogging": to simultaneously transcribe and editorialize speeches and events shown on television. (For example, "I am blogging Rice's testimony" means "I am posting my reactions to Condoleezza Rice's testimony into my blog as I watch her on television.") Real-time commentary is sometimes referred to as "liveblogging."
2004–present
In 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as political consultants, news services and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the UK's Labour Party's MP Tom Watson, who began to blog to bond with constituents.
Minnesota Public Radio broadcast a program by Christopher Lydon and Matt Stoller called "The Blogging of the President," which covered a transformation in politics that blogging seemed to presage. The Columbia Journalism Review began regular coverage of blogs and blogging. Anthologies of blog pieces reached print, and blogging personalities began appearing on radio and television. In the summer of 2004, both US Democratic and Republican parties' conventions credentialed bloggers, and blogs became a standard part of the publicity arsenal. Mainstream television programs, such as Chris Matthews' Hardball, formed their own blogs. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary declared "blog" as the word of the year in 2004.[4]
Blogs were among the driving forces behind the "Rathergate" scandal. To wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show 60 Minutes) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Conservative bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented arguments in support of that view, and CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs.) Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a source of news and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.
Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit) , Markos Moulitsas Zúniga (Daily Kos), and Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette). Hugh Hewitt is an example of a media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger.
Some blogs were an important source of news during the December 2004 Tsunami such as Medecins Sans Frontieres, which used SMS text messaging to report from affected areas in Sri Lanka and Southern India.
In the United Kingdom, The Guardian newspaper launched a redesign in September 2005, which included a daily digest of blogs on page 2. Also in June 2006, BBC News launched a weblog for its editors, following other news companies [5].
In January 2005, Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers that business people "could not ignore": Peter Rojas, Xeni Jardin, Ben Trott, Mena Trott, Jonathan Schwartz, Jason Goldman, Robert Scoble, and Jason Calacanis.
Main article: Types of blogs
There are various types of blogs, and each differs in the way content is delivered or written.
A blog can be defined by its incorporation of media: a blog comprising of videos is called a vlog[citation needed], one comprising of links is called a linklog[6], or one comprised of photos is called a photoblog[7].
Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA is called a moblog.[8]
A blog can also be defined by its genre. For example, if a blog is mainly about politics, it can be called a political blog. A blog about travel could be called a travel blog.[citation needed]
Anatomy of a blog entry
A blog entry typically consists of the following:
* Title, the main title, or headline, of the post.
* Body, main content of the post.
* Permalink, the URL of the full, individual article.
* Post Date, date and time the post was published.
A blog entry optionally includes the following:
* Comments
* Categories (or tags) - subjects that the entry discusses
* Trackback and or pingback - links to other sites that refer to the entry
Comments
Main article: Feedback comment system
Comments are a way to provide discussion on blog entries. Readers can leave a comment on a post, which can correct errors or contain their opinion on the post or the post's subject. Services like CoComment aim to ease discussion through comments, by allowing tracking of them.
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Blog popularity
Recently, scientists have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while in order for a blog to become popular through blogrolls takes a fair amount of time, permalinks can accumulate more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.[9]
The Blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It has now been gathering this information for over 4 years, and currently autonomously tracks the most contagious information spreading in the blog community.
Blogs are also given rankings by Technorati based on the amount of incoming links.
Searching Blogs
Various blog search engines are available for searching blog content (also known at the blogosphere), such as Blogdigger, Feedster, and Technorati. Google Trends allows the tracking and comparison of the popularity of search terms over time. Technorati provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorise blog postings.
Blogging and the mass media
Many bloggers differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news.
Bloggers' credibility problem, however, can be an advantage for the bloggers and for the mainstream journalists who take an interest in them. News organizations are sometimes reluctant to tell stories that will upset important people. But when bloggers or activists make sensational claims, then they become stories themselves, and journalists can use them as cover for reporting the underlying scandals.
Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs -- well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-Blog list. The first known use of a Weblog on a news site was in August 1998, when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.[10]
Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with Gaelic blogs, whose creators can be found as far away from traditional Gaelic areas as Kazakhstan and Alaska. Blogs are also used regularly by Welsh language activists. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.
How blogs are made
A variety of different systems are used to create and maintain blogs. Dedicated web applications can eliminate the need for bloggers to manage this software. With web interfaces, these systems allow travelers to blog from anywhere on the Internet, and allow users to create blogs without having to maintain their own server. Such systems allow users to work with tools such as Ecto, Elicit and w.bloggar which allow users to maintain their Web-hosted blog without the need to be online while composing or editing posts. Blog creation tools and blog hosting are also provided by some Web hosting companies (Tripod), Internet service providers (America Online), online publications (Salon.com) and internet portals (Yahoo! 360º or Google). Some advanced users have developed custom blogging systems from scratch using server-side software, and often implement membership management and password protected areas. Others have created a mix of a blog and wiki, called a bliki.
Legal issues
The emergence of blogging has brought a range of legal liabilities. Employers have sacked their employees who maintain personal blogs, which discuss their employers.[11] The major areas of concern are the issues of proprietary or confidential information, and defamation. Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers and the courts have returned with mixed verdicts. In John Doe v. Patrick Cahill, the Delaware Supreme Court held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask anonymous bloggers, and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under defendant-friendly American libel law) rather than referring it back to the trial court for reconsideration.[12]
In Singapore, on the other hand, two ethnic Chinese were punished under the country’s anti-sedition law for posting anti-Muslim remarks in their weblogs.[13] Internet Service Providers, in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with Third Parties (U.S. Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC).
In Britain, a college lecturer contributed to a blog in which she referred to a politician (who had also expressed his views in the same blog) using various uncomplimentary names, including referring to him as a "Nazi". The politician found out the real name of the lecturer (she wrote under a pseudonym) via the ISP and successfully sued her for £10,000 in damages and £7,200 costs.[14]
Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, was recently fined during the 2006 NBA playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog. [15]
Ellen Simonetti, a US airline attendant, lost her job after posting photos of herself in uniform on her blog "The Queen of the Sky". In a statement quoted by the BBC, she said: "As a result of my suspension and subsequent termination without cause by Delta Airlines I am moving forward with filing a discrimination complaint with the Federal Government EEOC [US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]." Simonetti took legal action against the airline for unfair dismissal and "wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages"[16].
In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis quit his job at IBM after his posts concerning a management school were alleged to be damaging to the school, which announced that the students would burn their IBM laptops as a sign of protest. [17]
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Common terms
Blogging, like any other human practice, has developed a specialized vocabulary that has evolved into almost seemingly casual conversations between acquaintances, and has even found its way into some schools. See List of blogging terms.
See also
* Blog search engines
* Blog software
* Blogdex
* Blogebrity
* Chronicle
* Commonplace: a historical precedent for the weblog
* Content Management System
* Diary
* Forum
* Google bomb
* LiveJournal
* Massively distributed collaboration
* MySpace
* MSN Spaces
* News aggregator
* Podcasting
* Political blog
* TagWorld
* Virtual Community
* Yahoo 360
Blogging software
See also: Blog software category
* b2evolution
* bBlog
* Blogger
* Drupal
* ExpressionEngine
* Geeklog
* Greymatter
* LifeType
* LiveJournal
* Movable Type
* Nucleus CMS
* PostNuke
* Serendipity
* Textpattern
* TypePad
* Typo
* WordPress
* Xanga
References
* Kline, David and Burstein, Dan (2005). blog!. Squibnocket Partners LLC. ISBN 978-1-59315-141-1.
* blogs - anatomy. blogging101. Retrieved on 2006-07-02.
1. ^ Time to get a life — pioneer blogger Justin Hall bows out at 31. SFgate: (2005-02-20). Retrieved on 2006-06-09.
2. ^ Play With Your Words. peterme.com: (2002-05-17). Retrieved on 2006-06-09.
3. ^ Jensen, Mallory A Brief History of Weblogs
4. ^ "Wikinews Blog declared Word of the Year", Wikinews, 2004-12-01. Retrieved on 2006-06-22.
5. ^ Wilson, Dawn, "Down with blogs... so here's another", BBC News, 2006-06-26. Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
6. ^ Perrone, Jane, "What is a weblog?", Guardian Unlimted, 2004-05-20. Retrieved on 2006-06-25.
7. ^ What is a photoblog. Photoblogs.org Wiki. Retrieved on 2006-06-25.
8. ^ "Blogging goes mobile", BBC News, 2003-02-23. Retrieved on 2006-06-25.
9. ^ Marlow, C. Audience, structure and authority in the weblog community. Presented at the International Communication Association Conference, May, 2004, New Orleans, LA.
10. ^ "Blogging Bonnie.", Poynter.org, 18 September, 2003.
11. ^ "Queen of the Sky gets marching orders", The Register, 2004-11-03. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
12. ^ "John Doe No. 1 v. Patrick Cahill and Julia Cahill
13. ^ Kierkegaard, Sylvia (2006). Blogs, Lies and the Doocing in Computer Law and Security Report Volume 22 Issue 2.
14. ^ Gibson, Owen, "Warning to chatroom users after libel award for man labelled a Nazi", The Guardian, 2006-03-23. Retrieved on 2006-05-17.
15. ^ "NBA fines Cuban $200K for antics on, off court", ESPN, 2006-05-11. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
16. ^ "Queen of the Sky gets marching orders", The Register, 2004-11-03. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
17. ^ "Gaurav Sabnis's blog entry after quitting IBM", Vantage point, 2005-10-10. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
2006-07-02 07:52:10
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