What constitutes an Earned Run in baseball?

Question

How do you determine that a run is earned in baseball or not, to then be calcuated into the ERA?

Answer 1

EARNED RUNS
10.18
An earned run is a run for which the pitcher is held accountable. In determining earned runs, the inning should be reconstructed without the errors (which include catcher’s interference) and passed balls, and the benefit of the doubt should always be given to the pitcher in determining which bases would have been reached by errorless play. For the purpose of determining earned runs, an intentional base on balls, regardless of the circumstances, shall be construed in exactly the same manner as any other base on balls.
(a) An earned run shall be charged every time a runner reaches home base by the aid of safe hits, sacrifice bunts, a sacrifice fly, stolen bases, putouts, fielder’s choices, bases on balls, hit batters, balks or wild pitches (including a wild pitch on third strike which permits a batter to reach first base) before fielding chances have been offered to put out the offensive team. For the purpose of this rule, a defensive interference penalty shall be construed as a fielding chance.
(1) A wild pitch is solely the pitcher’s fault, and contributes to an earned run just as a base on balls or a balk.
(b) No run shall be earned when scored by a runner who reaches first base (1) on a hit or otherwise after his time at bat is prolonged by a muffed foul fly; (2) because of interference or obstruction or (3) because of any fielding error.
(c) No run shall be earned when scored by a runner whose life is prolonged by an error, if such runner would have been put out by errorless play.
(d) No run shall be earned when the runner’s advance is aided by an error, a passed ball, or defensive interference or obstruction, if the scorer judges that the run would not have scored without the aid of such misplay.
(e) An error by a pitcher is treated exactly the same as an error by any other fielder in computing earned runs.
(f) Whenever a fielding error occurs, the pitcher shall be given the benefit of the doubt in determining to which bases any runners would have advanced had the fielding of the defensive team been errorless.
(g) When pitchers are changed during an inning, the relief pitcher shall not be charged with any run (earned or unearned) scored by a runner who was on base at the time he entered the game, nor for runs scored by any runner who reaches base on a fielder’s choice which puts out a runner left on base by the preceding pitcher.
NOTE: It is the intent of this rule to charge each pitcher with the number of runners he put on base, rather than with the individual runners. When a pitcher puts runners on base, and is relieved, he shall be charged with all runs subsequently scored up to and including the number of runners he left on base when he left the game, unless such runners are put out without action by the batter, i.e., caught stealing, picked off base, or called out for interference when a batter-runner does not reach first base on the play. EXCEPTION: see example 7.
EXAMPLES: (1) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. B grounds out, sending A to second. C flies out. D singles, scoring A. Charge run to P1.
(2) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. B forces A at second. C grounds out, sending B to second. D singles, scoring B. Charge run to P1.
(3) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. B singles, sending A to third. C grounds to short, and A is out at home, B going to second. D flies out. E singles, scoring B. Charge run to P1.
(4) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. B walks. C flies out. A is picked off second. D doubles, scoring B from first. Charge run to P2.
(5) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. P2 walks B and is relieved by P3. C forces A at third. D forces B at third. E hits home run, scoring three runs. Charge one run to P1; one run to P2, one run to P3.
(6) P1 walks A, and is relieved by P2, P2 walks B. C singles, filling the bases. D forces A at home. E singles, scoring B and C. Charge one run to P1 and one run to P2.
(7) P1 walks A, and is relieved by P2. P2 allows B to single, but A is out trying for third. B takes second on the throw. C singles, scoring B. Charge run to P2.
(h) A relief pitcher shall not be held accountable when the first batter to whom he pitches reaches first base on four called balls if such batter has a decided advantage in the ball and strike count when pitchers are changed.
(1) If, when pitchers are changed, the count is
2 balls, no strike,
2 balls, 1 strike,
3 balls, no strike,
3 balls, 1 strike,
3 balls, 2 strikes,
and the batter gets a base on balls, charge that batter and the base on balls to the preceding pitcher, not to the relief pitcher.
(2) Any other action by such batter, such as reaching base on a hit, an error, a fielder’s choice, a force-out, or being touched by a pitched ball, shall cause such a batter to be charged to the relief pitcher.
NOTE: The provisions of 10.18(h)(2) shall not be construed as affecting or conflicting with the provisions of 10.18(g).
(3) If, when pitchers are changed, the count is
2 balls, 2 strikes,
1 ball, 2 strikes,
1 ball, 1 strike,
1 ball, no strike,
no ball, 2 strikes,
no ball, 1 strike,
charge that batter and his actions to the relief pitcher.
(i) When pitchers are changed during an inning, the relief pitcher shall not have the benefit of previous chances for outs not accepted in determining earned runs.
NOTE: It is the intent of this rule to charge relief pitchers with earned runs for which they are solely responsible. In some instances, runs charged as earned against the relief pitcher can be charged as unearned against the team.
EXAMPLES: (1) With two out, P1 walks A. B reaches base on an error. P2 relieves P1. C hits home run, scoring three runs. Charge two unearned runs to P1, one earned run to P2.
(2) With two out, P1 walks A and B and is relieved by P2. C reaches base on an error. D hits home run, scoring four runs. Charge two unearned runs to P1, two unearned runs to P2.
(3) With none out, P1 walks A. B reaches base on an error. P2 relieves P1. C hits home run, scoring three runs. D and E strike out. F reaches base on an error. G hits home run, scoring two runs. Charge two runs, one earned, to P1. Charge three runs, one earned, to P2.

Complicated, but thorough

Answer 2

In baseball, an earned run is any run for which the pitcher is held accountable (i.e. the run did not score as a result of a fielding error or a passed ball). If a run is not earned, it is an unearned run. Even if a runner scores on a fielding error by the pitcher himself, it is an unearned run.

Earned runs are specially denoted because of their use in calculating a pitcher's earned run average.

In determining earned runs, the official scorer must reconstruct the inning as it would have occurred without the errors (which include catcher's interference) and passed balls, with the benefit of the doubt always being given to the pitcher in determining which bases would have been reached by errorless play.

A run is counted as unearned when:

- The baserunner would have been out had an error not been committed.

- The run is scored after an error is committed that would have made the third out

- A baserunner scores on a play where an error was committed, and the inning ends before that runner would have had a chance to score. Example: A passed ball allows a runner to score. The batter at the plate then strikes out to end the inning. The run is unearned. If the batter had instead got a base hit, the run would be earned, since the runner would have scored on that play.

A team unearned run is counted when:

- First with two outs, an error occurs on a play that should have made the third out. Each successive run in the inning is now unearned to the current pitcher. However if a relief pitcher replaces the current pitcher, any new run (not aided by errors) created by the new pitcher is considered earned to him and unearned to the team.

In most other cases, a run is scored as an earned run.

Answer 3

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In the scenario you outline, it would be unearned because the runner would have been tagged out if not for the error. The general rule is that a run is unearned if the runner scored only because of an error. The error in question might be one that leads directly to the run, such as in your example; or indirectly, such as a player reaching base only because of an error and later scoring, or an error that causes a 3rd out not to be made (which would make all later runs that inning unearned).

Answer 4

It is a run scored by a player of the opposing team given to the pitcher if the player didn't reach base on an error. For example if Player A gets a double off of Pitcher B, then Player C hits a single to score Player A, then Pitcher B gets one earned run to be factored into his ERA, b/c Player A reached a base w/o an error by a fielder. Now, let's say that Player D hits a routine ground ball to Fielder E off of Pitcher F, then Fielder E can't handle it and by the time he gets it over to first Player D has reached first base on an error, and Fielder E is charged with an error. Now, Player G comes up to bat and hits a triple to score Player D. In this case Pitcher F is not charged with an earned run and the run will not be factored into his ERA, b/c Player D reached on an error. Let's say that Player G hits a home run instead of a triple and two runs score, but only one of the runs is factored into Pitcher F's ERA, b/c Player D, who scored one of the run's, reached on an error. Another instance where a pitcher wouldn't be charged with an earned run is in relief situations. Let's say Pitcher H gives up a double to Player I and is then taken out of the game. Pitcher J comes in and gives up a hit to Player K that scores Player I. Even though Pitcher J was in the game when the run was scored, Player I reached base off of Pitcher H, so even though he is out of the game Pitcher H is charged with the earned run. Should Player K score, the earned run would go to Pitcher J regardless of whether he or someone else was pitching. Now that you know what an earned run is we can figure out how to calculate ERA. The formula for ERA is 9 x (ER/IP). or earned runs divided by innings pitched times nine. Let's say that Pitcher L gives up 93 earned runs in 197 innings of pitching. We take 93 and divide it by 197 and then take that number and multiply it by 9. If you calculate it out and round it you'd find that pitcher L has an ERA of 4.25.

Answer 5

if the runner gets home without a player commiting an error then it is considered an earned run. if a player does commit an error that causes a runner to get home it isn't an earned run

Answer 6

When you earn a run it's an earned run, if you get one by luck it's unearned.

Answer 7

From a team getting a hit

Answer 8

comes from a team getting a hit, not from error or wild picth,passed ball or walk. also anyone on base due to error or others if they score it's unearned

Answer 9

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