1.5 Why England. not Saxonland?
If the Angles established themselves in one half of the country and the Saxons in the other, why did the name of the modern country derive from the former rather than the latter? The historical evidence, though meagre, does not suggest that the Angles were any more numerous than the Saxons, or had greater military successes. Why, then, is the country called England, and not Saxonland, Sax land, or some other such form? It is a puzzle, but we can make some guesses.
The original use of the name Angli (for the people) and Anglia (for the country) is found in Latin writers during the seventh century, but only with reference to the Angles (as opposed to the Saxons and Jutes). A king of Kent, AEthelbert, is called rex Anglorum -'king of the Angles'. Angl- is later found in Old English as both Angel- and Engl-. In the Alfredian translation of Bede (Book IV, Chapter 26), for example, we find the phrase on Engla lande, translating Latin in regione Anglorum, which meant 'in the Country of the Angles'. Bede never used Anglia for the country as a whole: his name for it was Brittania or Britannia {'Britain').
There was one context, however, where the early Latin writers did give the Angl- element prominence. This was in the phrase Angli Saxones, used at least from the eighth century to mean the 'English Saxons' (of Britain) as opposed to the 'Old Saxons' (of the Continent). A long time afterwards, as the historical facts began to blur in the popular mind, Anglo-Saxons came to be interpreted as' Angles and Saxons', the combined Germanic people of Britain, which is how the term is used today. But in the eighth century Angl- did not have this sense. Rather, it was the crucial, contrastive element in the phrase -the English Saxons, as opposed to other kinds. Issues of identity being so important, perhaps it was this prominence which fixed Angl- in the intuitions of the people, as a label for the people as a whole?
Whatever the reason, we can see the name broadening its meaning in the ninth century. The Old English translation of Bede uses the term Angelcynn {literally, 'race of the Angles', Bede's gens Anglorum) to refer to all the Germanic peoples. The adjective English makes its first appearance at that time, too, - long predating the name England. In a treaty made between Alfred and the Dane Guthrum (c. 880) we see English opposed to Danish, and it plainly refers to all of the non-Danish population, not just the Angles. Also, at around the same time, English is used for the language: the translation of Bede at one point {Book Ill, Chapter 19) talks about a monastery nemned on Englisc ('called in English') Cneoferisburh, and A!fred quite often uses the name in this way.
It took over a century before we find the phrase Engla lande referring to the whole country, by the writers of the eleventh-century Chronicle. There was then a long period of varied usage, and we find such forms as Engle land, Englene londe, Engle lond, Engelond, and Ingland. The spelling England emerged in the fourteenth century, and soon after became established as the norm.
2006-06-22 01:19:35
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answer #1
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answered by palaver 3
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England is named after the Angles (Old English genitive case, "Engla" - hence, Old English "Engla Land"), one of a number of Germanic tribes believed to have originated in Angeln in northern Germany, who settled in England in the 5th and 6th centuries. This is also the origin of its Latin name, Anglia. It has not had a distinct political identity since 1707, when the Kingdom of Great Britain was established as a unified political entity; however, it has a legal identity separate from those of Scotland and Northern Ireland, as part of the entity England and Wales. England's largest city, London, is also the capital of the United Kingdom
2006-06-22 07:57:41
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answer #2
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answered by Anonymous
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