can any one tell me what...?

Question

time and space is made up of. Its all around every step you take you walking into something what is that something.??? a site is what i am realy looking for!>>?

Answer 1

Space/time is used to describe our universe as a whole. We live in a 4 dimensional universe. 3 dimensions of space and 1 dimension of time. Think of time like you do any other dimension. Since it is 1 dimension it is linear like a straight line. There is no "width" or "height" to time. To get an idea of time works as a dimension imagine you were a 2 dimensional being. You only see the world in 2 Dimensions. Therefore a sphere (which is 3D) would look like a circle since you can only view a 2D slice of it. Now if someone dropped you and you fell alongside a sphere you will see it start as a point and become a circle that grows in size and then shrinks back down to a point and vanishes. We are 3D beings and can only view our world in 3D. therefore we are seeing only a slice as we move thought time (ie 4th dimension) We don't see past, present and future all at once. Just like a 2D being wouldn't see the entire sphere all at once.

Now when you talk about space/time you are speaking of the universe we live in. Its made of all kinds of matter and energy. some we can see and feel other that we only can see the effects it has on the space around it. No one knows the complete make up of the universe but there are a lot of good theories out there.

some links

http://www.bartleby.com/65/sp/spacetim.html

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050205074635.htm

Answer 2

In relativity, a background independent theory space is defined as the time between simultaneous events, the time it takes information from one event to reach another (at the speed of light). In quantum mechanics, a background dependent theory, space is defined by potential boundaries, furthermore in quantum there is no such thing as empty space. On small scales, particles are constantly forming and annihilating each other out of nothingness. The time limit and masses of these particles are derived from the generalized uncertainty principle for time and energy s(t)s(m)>hbar/2 (s() reads sigma or standard deviation). Unfortunately this happens so quickly that it is literally impossible to observe. Observation would fundamentally violate the laws of physics.

Answer 3

Time isn't tangible. It is a pure human invention. Space is made up of matter or the lack thereof. You take a step into a mixture of gases and particles of matter in the air.

Answer 4

Not even Stephen Hawking would know the answer to your question, so I don't think you'll find a website with the answer, sorry.

Answer 5

I don't know about space but go hang out with JAS there must be allot of time in his vicinity (just look at what he wrote!)...where does that boy get all that time?

I wanta know what he's smoking and can I Please, get some.....

Answer 6

Go to physicscentral.com
They have someone who answers your questions at that site.

Answer 7

Sorry.

Answer 8

actually time is just imagined to describe the duration of a thing, it is imaginative. Space is made up of plasma, the fourth state of matter.
a plasma is typically an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter in contrast to solids, liquids and gases. "Ionized" means that at least one electron has been dissociated from a proportion of the atoms or molecules. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields.

This fourth state of matter was first identified in a discharge tube (or Crookes tube), and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter")[1]. The nature of the Crookes tube "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identifed by English physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897[2], and dubbed "plasma" by Irving Langmuir in 1928 [3], perhaps because it reminded him of a blood plasma [4]. Langmuir wrote:

"Except near the electrodes, where there are sheaths containing very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons."[3]
More specifically, a plasma is an electrically conductive collection of charged particles that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Plasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds or charged ion beams, but may also include dust and grains (called dusty plasmas) [5] They are typically formed by heating and ionizing a gas, stripping electrons away from atoms, thereby enabling the positive and negative charges to move freely.

Plasmas are the most common phase of matter. Some estimates suggest that up to 99% of the entire visible universe is plasma[6]. Since the space between the stars is filled with a plasma, although a very sparse one (see interstellar- and intergalactic medium), essentially the entire volume of the universe is plasma (see astrophysical plasmas). In the solar system, the planet Jupiter accounts for most of the non-plasma, only about 0.1% of the mass and 10−15% of the volume within the orbit of Pluto. Notable plasma physicist Hannes Alfvén also noted that due to their electric charge, very small grains also behave as ions and form part of plasma (see dusty plasmas

Common plasmas
Plasmas are the most common phase of matter. Some estimates suggest that up to 99% of the entire visible universe is plasma[6]. Since the space between the stars is filled with a plasma, although a very sparse one (see interstellar- and intergalactic medium), essentially the entire volume of the universe is plasma (see astrophysical plasmas). In the solar system, the planet Jupiter accounts for most of the non-plasma, only about 0.1% of the mass and 10−15% of the volume within the orbit of Pluto. Notable plasma physicist Hannes Alfvén also noted that due to their electric charge, very small grains also behave as ions and form part of plasma (see dusty plasmas).

Common forms of plasma include
Artificially produced plasma
That found in plasma displays and TVs
Inside fluorescent lamps (low energy lighting), neon signs
Rocket exhaust
The area in front of a spacecraft's heat shield during reentry into the atmosphere
Fusion energy research
The electric arc in an arc lamp or an arc welder
Plasma ball (sometimes called a plasma sphere or plasma globe)
Plasma used to etch dielectric layers in the production of integrated circuits
Terrestrial plasmas
Flames (ie. fire)
Lightning
Ball lightning
St. Elmo's fire
Sprites, elves, jets
The ionosphere
The polar aurorae
Space and astrophysical plasmas
The Sun and other stars
(which are plasmas heated by nuclear fusion)
The solar wind
The interplanetary medium
(the space between the planets)
The interstellar medium
(the space between star systems)
The Intergalactic medium
(the space between galaxies)
The Io-Jupiter flux-tube
Accretion disks
Interstellar nebulae

[edit]
Rigorous definition of a plasma

The Earth's "plasma fountain", showing oxygen, helium, and hydrogen ions that gush into space from regions near the Earth's poles. The faint yellow gas shown above the north pole represents gas lost from Earth into space; the green gas is the aurora borealis-or plasma energy pouring back into the atmosphere.[7]Although the term plasma is often used loosely to describe any collection of charged particles, a system can only be rigorously called a plasma if the following technical criteria are satisfied:

Debye screening lengths (the distance from an ion that its electric field is influential) are short compared to the physical size of the plasma.
There are a large number of ions within any Debye sphere (ie. an ion can affect many neighbouring ions).
Mean time between collisions of ions is usually long when compared to the period of plasma oscillations (time between plasma waves).
This second criterion can be expressed as Λ>>1, where capital Lambda is the plasma parameter (but note that the word parameter is usually used in plasma physics to refer to bulk plasma properties in general). The plasma parameter is defined via Λ = 4π n λD3, where n is the number density of particles, and λD is the Debye length . The magnitude of Λ can be summarised below [8]:

Description Plasma parameter magnitude
Λ<<1 Λ>>1
Coupling Strongly coupled plasma Weakly coupled plasma
Debye sphere Sparsely populated Densely populated
Electrostatic influence Almost continuously Occasional
Typical characteristic Cold and dense Hot and diffuse
Examples Solid-density laser ablation plasmas
Very "cold" "high pressure" arc discharge
White dwarfs / neutron stars atmospheres
Plasma ball Ionospheric physics
Astrophysical plasmas
Nuclear fusion
Space plasma physics
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Plasma properties and parameters
Plasma properties are strongly dependent on the bulk (or average) parameters. Some of the most important plasma parameters are the degree of ionization, the plasma temperature, the density and the magnetic field in the plasma region. We explain these parameters, and then describe how plasmas interact with electric and magnetic fields and outline the qualitative differences between plasmas and gases.

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Ranges of plasma parameters

The Heliospheric current sheet, the largest structure in the Solar System[9], resulting from the influence of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium (Solar Wind) [10].
Range of plasmas. Density increases upwards, temperature increases towards the right. The free electrons in a metal may be considered an electron plasma [11]Plasma parameters can take on values varying by many orders of magnitude, but the properties of plasmas with apparently disparate parameters may be very similar (see plasma scaling). The following chart considers only conventional atomic plasmas and not exotic phenomena like quark gluon plasmas:

Typical ranges of plasma parameters: orders of magnitude (OOM)
Characteristic Terrestrial plasmas Cosmic plasmas
Size
in metres 10−6 m (lab plasmas) to
102 m (lightning) (~8 OOM) 10−6 m (spacecraft sheath) to
1025 m (intergalactic nebula) (~31 OOM)

Lifetime
in seconds 10−12 s (laser-produced plasma) to
107 s (fluorescent lights) (~19 OOM) 101 s (solar flares) to
1017 s (intergalactic plasma) (~17 OOM)
Density
in particles per
cubic metre 107 m-3 to
1032 m-3 (inertial confinement plasma) 1030 (stellar core) to
100 (i.e., 1) (intergalactic medium)
Temperature
in kelvins ~0 K (Crystalline non-neutral plasma[12]) to
108 K (magnetic fusion plasma) 102 K (aurora) to
107 K (Solar core)
Magnetic fields
in teslas 10−4 T (Lab plasma) to
103 T (pulsed-power plasma) 10−12 T (intergalactic medium) to
1011 T (near neutron stars)
[edit]
Degree of ionization
For plasma to exist, ionization is necessary. The degree of ionization of a plasma is the proportion of atoms which have lost (or gained) electrons, and is controlled mostly by the temperature. Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1% of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma (i.e. respond to magnetic fields and be highly electrically conductive).

[edit]
Temperatures

The central electrode of a plasma lamp, showing a glowing blue plasma streaming upwards. The colors are a result of the relaxation of electrons in excited states to lower energy states after they have recombined with ions. These processes emit light in a spectrum characteristic of the gas being excited.Plasma temperature is commonly measured in Kelvin or electron volts, and is (roughly speaking) a measure of the thermal kinetic energy per particle. In most cases the electrons are close enough to thermal equilibrium that their temperature is relatively well-defined, even when there is a significant deviation from a Maxwellian energy distribution function, for example due to UV radiation, energetic particles, or strong electric fields. Because of the large difference in mass, the electrons come to thermodynamic equilibrium among themselves much faster than they come into equilibrium with the ions or neutral atoms. For this reason the ion temperature may be very different from (usually lower than) the electron temperature. This is especially common in weakly ionized technological plasmas, where the ions are often near the ambient temperature.

Temperature controls the degree of plasma ionization. In particular, plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy (and more weakly by the density) in accordance with the Saha equation. A plasma is sometimes referred to as being hot if it is nearly fully ionized, or cold if only a small fraction (for example 1%) of the gas molecules are ionized (but other definitions of the terms hot plasma and cold plasma are common). Even in a "cold" plasma the electron temperature is still typically several thousand degrees. Plasmas utilized in plasma technology ("technological plasmas") are usually cold in this sense.

[edit]
Densities
Next to the temperature, which is of fundamental importance for the very existence of a plasma, the most important property is the density. The word "plasma density" by itself usually refers to the electron density, that is, the number of free electrons per unit volume. The ion density is related to this by the average charge state of the ions through . (See quasineutrality below.) The third important quantity is the density of neutrals n0. In a hot plasma this is small, but may still determine important physics. The degree of ionization is ni / (n0 + ni).

[edit]
Potentials

Lightning is an example of plasma present at Earth's surface. Typically, lightning discharges 30 thousand amps, at up to 100 million volts, and emits light, radio waves, x-rays and even gamma rays [13]. Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000 kelvins and electron densities may exceed 1024/m3.Since plasmas are very good conductors, electric potentials play an important role. The potential as it exists on average in the space between charged particles, independent of the question of how it can be measured, is called the plasma potential or the space potential. If an electrode is inserted into a plasma, its potential will generally lie considerably below the plasma potential due to the development of a Debye sheath. Due to the good electrical conductivity, the electric fields in plasmas tend to be very small. This results in the important concept of quasineutrality, which says that it is a very good approximation to assume that the density of negative charges is equal to the density of positive charges over large volumes of the plasma (), but on the scale of the Debye length there can be charge imbalance. In the special case that double layers are formed, the charge separation can extend some tens of Debye lengths.

The magnitude of the potentials and electric fields must be determined by means other than simply finding the net charge density. A common example is to assume that the electrons satisfy the Boltzmann relation, . Differentiating this relation provides a means to calculate the electric field from the density: .

It is, of course, possible to produce a plasma that is not quasineutral. An electron beam, for example, has only negative charges. The density of a non-neutral plasma must generally be very low, or it must be very small, otherwise it will be dissipated by the repulsive electrostatic force.

In astrophysical plasmas, Debye screening prevents electric fields from directly affecting the plasma over large distances (ie. greater than the Debye length). But the existence of charged particles causes the plasma to generate and be affected by magnetic fields. This can and does cause extremely complex behavior, such as the generation of plasma double layers, an object that separates charge over a few tens of Debye lengths. The dynamics of plasmas interacting with external and self-generated magnetic fields are studied in the academic discipline of magnetohydrodynamics.

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Magnetization
A plasma in which the magnetic field is strong enough to influence the motion of the charged particles is said to be magnetized. A common quantitative criterion is that a particle on average completes at least one gyration around the magnetic field before making a collision: ωce / νcoll > 1. It is often the case that the electrons are magnetized while the ions are not. Magnetized plasmas are anisotropic, meaning that their properties in the direction parallel to the magnetic field are different from those perpendicular to it. While electric fields in plasmas are usually small due to the high conductivity, the electric field associated with a plasma moving in a magnetic field is not affected by Debye shielding.[14]

[edit]
Comparison of plasma and gas phases
Plasma is often called the fourth state of matter. It is distinct from the three lower-energy phases of matter; solid, liquid, and gas, although it is closely related to the gas phase in that it also has no definite form or volume. There is still some disagreement as to whether a plasma is a distinct state of matter or simply a type of gas. Most physicists consider a plasma to be more than a gas because of a number of distinct properties including the following:

Property Gas Plasma
Electrical Conductivity Very low

The air is quite a good insulator, as demonstrated by high voltage electric power transmission where wires typically carry 110,000 Volts. High voltages may lead to electrical breakdown, as can lower pressures in fluorescent lights and neon signs Very high

For many purposes the electric field in a plasma may be treated as zero, although when current flows the voltage drop, though small, is finite, and density gradients are usually associated with an electric field according to the Boltzmann relation.
The possibility of currents couples the plasma strongly to magnetic fields, which are responsible for a large variety of structures such as filaments, sheets, and jets.
Collective phenomena are common because the electric and magnetic forces are both long-range and potentially many orders of magnitude stronger than gravitational forces.

Independently acting species One
All gas particles behave in a similar way, influences by gravity, and collisions with one another Two or three
Electrons, ions, and neutrals can be distinguished by the sign of their charge so that they behave independently in many circumstances, having different velocities or even different temperatures, leading to phenomenon such as new types of waves and instabilities
Velocity distribution Maxwellian

The velocity distributes of all gas particles has a characteristic shape: May be non-Maxwellian
Whereas collisional interactions always lead to a Maxwellian velocity distribution, electric fields influence the particle velocities differently. The velocity dependence of the Coulomb collision cross section can amplify these differences, resulting in phenomena like two-temperature distributions and run-away electrons.
Interactions Binary
Two-particle collisions are the rule, three-body collisions extremely rare. Collective
Each particle interacts simultaneously with many others. These collective interactions are about ten times more important than binary collisions.
[edit]
Complex plasma phenomena

The remnant of Tycho's Supernova, a huge ball of expanding plasma. Langmuir coined the name plasma because of its similarity to blood plasma, and Hannes Alfvén noted its cellular nature. Note also the filamentary blue outer shell of X-ray emitting high-speed electrons.Although the underlying equations governing plasmas are relatively simple, plasma behaviour is extraordinarily varied and subtle: the emergence of unexpected behaviour from a simple model is a typical feature of a complex system. Such systems lie in some sense on the boundary between ordered and disordered behaviour, and cannot typically be described either by simple, smooth, mathematical functions, or by pure randomness. The spontaneous formation of interesting spatial features on a wide range of length scales is one manifestation of plasma complexity. The features are interesting, for example, because they are very sharp, spatially intermittent (the distance between features is much larger than the features themselves), or have a fractal form. Many of these features were first studied in the laboratory, and have subsequently been recognised throughout the universe. Examples of complexity and complex structures in plasmas include:

Filamentation, the striations or "stringy things" seen in many plasmas, like the aurora, lightning, electric arcs, solar flares and nebulae. They are associated with larger current densities, and are also called magnetic ropes or plasma cables. (See also Plasma pinch)
Narrow sheets with sharp gradients, such as shocks or double layers which support rapid changes in plasma properties. Double layers involve localised charge separation, which causes a large potential difference across the layer, but does not generate an electric field outside the layer. Double layers separate adjacent plasma regions with different physical characteristics, and are often found in current carrying plasmas. They accelerate both ions and electrons.
Complex electric circuits: Quasineutrality of a plasma requires that plasma currents close on themselves in electric circuits. Such circuits follow Kirchhoff's circuit laws, and possess a resistance and inductance. These circuits must generally be treated as a strongly coupled system, with the behaviour in each plasma region dependent on the entire circuit. It is this strong coupling between system elements, together with nonlinearity, which may lead to complex behaviour. Electrical circuits in plasmas store inductive (magnetic) energy, and should the circuit be disrupted, for example, by a plasma instability, the inductive energy will be released as plasma heating and acceleration. This is a common explanation for the heating which takes place in the solar corona. Electric currents, and in particular, magnetic-field-aligned electric currents (which are sometimes generically referred to as Birkeland currents), are also observed in the Earth's aurora, and in plasma filaments.
Cellular structure. Narrow sheets with sharp gradients may separate regions with different properties such as magnetization, density, and temperature, resulting in cell-like regions. Examples include the magnetosphere, heliosphere, and heliospheric current sheet.
Critical ionization velocity in which the relative velocity between an ionized plasma and a neutral gas is sufficient to substantially energise any neutrals which lose an electron. This energisation feeds back to cause yet more ionization, and the process can run away, to almost completely ionize the gas. Critical phemonema in general are typical of complex systems, and may lead to sharp spatial or temporal features.
[edit]
Ultracold plasma

Saturn's rings in which certain effects have been suggested are due to dusty plasmas[15] (false colour image)[16]It is possible to create ultracold plasmas, by using lasers to trap and cool neutral atoms to temperatures of 1 mK lower. Another laser then ionizes the atoms by giving each of the outermost electrons just enough energy to escape the electrical attraction of its parent ion.

The key point about ultracold plasmas is that by manipulating the atoms with lasers, the kinetic energy of the liberated electrons can be controlled. Using standard pulsed lasers, the electron energy can be made to correspond to a temperature of as low as 0.1 K ­ a limit set by the frequency bandwidth of the laser pulse. The ions, however, retain the millikelvin temperatures of the neutral atoms. This type of non-equilibrium ultracold plasma evolves rapidly, and many fundamental questions about its behaviour remain unanswered. Experiments conducted so far have revealed surprising dynamics and recombination behaviour that are pushing the limits of our knowledge of plasma physics.

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Non-neutral plasma
The strength and range of the electric force and the good conductivity of plasmas usually ensure that the density of positive and negative charges in any sizeable region are equal ("quasineutrality"). A plasma that has a significant excess of charge density or that is, in the extreme case, composed of only a single species, a called a non-neutral plasma. In such a plasma, electric fields play a dominant role. Examples are charged particle beams, an electron cloud in a Penning trap, and positron plasmas[17].

[edit]
Dusty plasma and grain plasma
A dusty plasma is one containing tiny charged particles of dust (typically found in space) that also behaves like a plasma. A plasma containing larger particles is called a grain plasma.

[edit]
Mathematical descriptions

The complex self-constricting magnetic field lines and current paths in a field-aligned Birkeland current that may develop in a plasma [18]To completely describe the state of a plasma, we would need to write down all the particle locations and velocities, and describe the electromagnetic field in the plasma region. However, it is generally not practical or necessary to keep track of all the particles in a plasma. Therefore, plasma physicists commonly use less detailed descriptions known as models, of which there are two main types:

[edit]
Fluid
Fluid models describe plasmas in terms of smoothed quantities like density and averaged velocity around each position (see Plasma parameters). One simple fluid model, magnetohydrodynamics, treats the plasma as a single fluid governed by a combination of Maxwell's Equations and the Navier Stokes Equations. A more general description is the two-fluid picture, where the ions and electrons are described separately. Fluid models are often accurate when collisionality is sufficiently high to keep the plasma velocity distribution close to a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Because fluid models usually describe the plasma in terms of a single flow at a certain temperature at each spatial location, they cannot capture velocity space structures like interpenetrating beams, or resolve wave-particle effects.

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Kinetic
Kinetic models describe the particle velocity distribution function at each point in the plasma, and therefore do not need to assume a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. A kinetic description is often necessary for collisionless plasmas. There are two common approaches to kinetic description of a plasma. One is based on representing the smoothed distribution function on a grid in velocity and position. The other, known as the particle-in-cell (PIC) technique, includes kinetic information by following the trajectories of a large number of individual particles. Kinetic models are generally more computationally intensive than fluid models.

[edit]
Fields of active research

Hall effect thruster. The electric field in a plasma double layer is so effective at accelerating ions, that electric fields are used in ion drivesThis is just a partial list of topics. A more complete and organised list can be found on the Web site for Plasma science and technology [19].

Plasma theory
Plasma equilibria and stability
Plasma interactions with waves and beams
Guiding center
Adiabatic invariant
Debye sheath
Coulomb collision
Plasmas in nature
The Earth's ionosphere
Space plasmas, e.g. Earth's plasmasphere (an inner portion of the magnetosphere dense with plasma)
Plasma cosmology
Plasma Astronomy
Industrial plasmas
Plasma chemistry
Plasma processing
Plasma display
Plasma sources
Dusty Plasmas
Plasma diagnostics
Thomson scattering
Langmuir probe
Spectroscopy
Interferometry
Ionospheric heating
Incoherent scatter radar
Plasma applications
Fusion power
Magnetic fusion energy (MFE) — tokamak, stellarator, reversed field pinch, magnetic mirror, dense plasma focus
Inertial fusion energy (IFE) (also Inertial confinement fusion — ICF)
Plasma-based weaponry