WHIRLWIND VICTORIES
World War Two began on September 1, 1939 when the German Army, along with Slovakia and the Soviet Union, invaded Poland. They captured Warsaw, the Polish capital, on September 27. The Polish Army offered some resistance, but German blitzkrieg tactics overwhelmed them. Panzer tanks and Stuka dive bombers quickly mowed down Polish infantry and cavalry regiments. However, the Armia Krajowa, known as the Polish Home Army, fought on until the end of the war.
The Axis Powers then attacked neutral Scandinavia on April 8, 1940. Giving little resistance, Allied troops withdrew from the area because of disasters in France (although commandos from the Norwegian underground still fought the Germans).
THE FALL OF FRANCE May 10, 1940
During the 1930s, the French concentrated their military budget on the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications on the border with Germany. Even though they had the most formidable army at the time, the French hoped for a static, defensive war. The Maginot Wall had massive guns pointing towards Germany, but the Germans crossed the Ardennes Forest and the Meuse River and later attacked the wall from behind. Dive bombers offered arial artillery while the panzers stormed the Allied position. The BEF (British Expeditionary Force) and the French troops had to evacuate from the port of Dunkirk. The BEF lost most of its equipment because there weren't enough ships, and most of the French Army had to stay back to defend their homeland.
A collaborationist to the Germans, Philippe Petain ruled the country from Vichy, and his government was known as Vichy France. The remains of the once mighty French Army fought on as the Free French.
BRITAIN STANDS ALONE July, 1940
Under the leadership of Winston Churchill, Great Britain resisted against the Germans. The Germans hoped that after the fall of France, Britain would surrender, but the British were defiant. On July 1940, Hitler launched Operation Eagle, a plan to invade Britain.
After initial skirmishes in the English Channel between land based Luftwaffe aircraft (the Kriegsmarine didn't have large aircraft carriers) and RAF Spitfires, the Germans went on to bomb London. This failed greatly because of the new British invention: radar. Whenever radar stations pick up signs of German aircraft fleets, Supermarine Spitfires took out the escorts and Hurricane fighters shot down the bombers. Churchill called it "their finest hour."
By the end if May, 1941, all German aircraft were withdrawn for the invasion of Russia.
NAVAL WARFARE 1941-1943
I. THE BISMARCK
The super battleship Bismarck was the war's largest warship.
Weighing 41,700 tons, it had 8x380mm, 12x150mm, 6x105mm, 16x37mm, and 20x20mm guns. It also carried 4 aircraft. Commisioned on August 24, 1940, it sunk the pride of the Royal Navy, the HMS Hood. The Bismarck itself was sunk on May 27, 1941.
The battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prince Eugen were spotted by a British recon craft and were tracked down to an area near Greenland. Bismarck separated from Prince Eugen to head for France. The Royal Navy then gave chase, sending in Swordfish biplanes and weakening the ship. HMS Ark Royal scored a hit and crippled the Bismarck. The battleship, being cornered by the ships Rodney and King George V, was finally sunk by HMS Dorsetshire.
II. BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
After the fall of France, Admiral Karl Donitz operated his Unterseeboots in the Atlantic coast. He used "wolf packs" to sink down Allied shipping. The British replied with using the convoy formation, in which two light cruisers flank a merchant ship and a destroyer defends the ship's fore. The Allies also used sonar to locate German U-boats. The U-boats sank 260,000 tons of Allied shipping, when suddenly the tides turned. Long-range B-24 Liberator bombers and the use of escort carriers--light warships that can provide their own air cover--mounted heavy losses on the U-boats. Sonar and radar proved effective in locating submarines. Also, having captured German Enigma encoding machines, British Intelligence deciphered German radio waves and helped win the Battle of the Atlantic.
III. PEARL HARBOR Dec 7, 1941
Despite the threat of war with Japan, the US base at Pearl Harbor was unprepared for the Japanese attack. Nakajima torpedo bombers skimmed at low altitude, while Aichi dive bombers attacked from above, flying through ack-ack. Despite having lost 2,403 men and 18 ships, the US managed to continue the Pacific war because its aircraft carriers were undamaged.
OPERATION BARBAROSSA June 22, 1941
Operation Barbarossa was one of the largest military operations in history. It was the plan to invade the Soviet Union. It involved 4 million men, 3,600 tanks, 700,000 horses, and thousands of aircraft. Germany's allies also took part in the invasion. Some 300,000 Romanians, 250,000 Italians, and troops from Finland, Hungary, and Bulgaria fought against the Soviets. While Hitler envisaged victory in 3 months, Barbarossa fell far behind its timetable.
I.MOSCOW
In early October 1941 the Germans launched an attack to capture Moscow. German advance was slow, and Gen. Georgi Zhukov had organized a defensive line in front of Moscow. The Germans didn't have winter equipment, and Soviet reserves attacked from inside the city. Airborne paratroopers also fought behind the German lines. By January the Germans have been driven back to Smolensk.
II. KURSK
Having been informed by a German offensive in Kursk, Zhukov prepared a defensive line with minefields, trenches, antitank guns, and the heavy T-34 tanks. When the Germans reached Kursk, the Soviets launched a preparatory bombardment. Katyusha multiple rockets, known as Stalin Organs, thinned down the Germans. They Soviet air force also strafed Luftwaffe airfields, and dogfights involving thousands of aircraft aroused. Hoth's 4th Panzerarmee got into Soviet defenses, so Soviet reserves were rushed forward. About 800 T-34s clashed with heavier King Tiger and Panther tanks with Ferdinand self-propelled guns. The Germans lost a hundred tanks, and on July 15 Hitler called off the offensive.
EL ALAMEIN Oct 23, 1942
Field Marshall Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, commander of the Afrika Korps, earned the nickname "The Desert Fox" for his desert victories. Churchill called him "a daring and skillful opponent." His fortunes changed, however, in the Battle of El Alamein.
Allied forces under Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery, composed of British, Australian, New Zealand, African, and Free French troops attacked Rommel's formation; however, this was a mistake. Rommel had lines of extensive minefields defended by infantry and antitank guns, with panzers at the rear. Montgomery's plan was to bombard the minefields to clear the way for infantry, and then the armor would follow. Sappers cleared mines and marked taped corridors for the tanks to pass through. As the offensive slowed, Montgomery told his tank commanders to advance through uncleared minefields. This didn't succeed.
On October 27, Rommel tried to launched a counteroffensive, but it didn't work. On November 1, Montgomery attacked again. New Zealanders cleared a way for the Churchill tanks. Germans countered with artillery and mortar fire. Panzergrenadiers attacked from the rear. On November 4 however, Rommel retreared. El Alamein prevented further German advances in North Africa.
D-DAY June 6, 1944
A mass invasion force of eight divisions supported by 6,500 ships and 12,000 aircraft closed in on Normandy on June 6, 1944. American, British, French, Canadian troops in DUKW Amphibious Vehicles landed on the beaches of Normandy
(8 other nations took part in the battle). The 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions jumped behind enemy lines.
After defeats in the Mediterranean, Erwin Rommel was assigned to the Atlantic Wall--a series of fortifications along the Atlantic coast. The German defenses were not complete and the guns were manned by hastily recruited troops. The Germans were taken by surprise when warships opened fire on their bunkers. The Allies have fought their way off the beach, but at a heavy cost.
BATTLE OF THE BULGE Dec 16, 1944
In 1944, the desperate Hitler gambled on a counteroffensive in a last attempt to turn the war around. He intended it as a repitition of what happened in the Fall of France.
German SS panzers achieved complete surprise. Also, the Allies weren't able to use their air forces because of bad weather. US troops slowed German progress, though. When the weather cleared, the RAF and the USAAF hammered German armor. Gen. George Patton's Third Army reached Bastogne on December 26. Heavy casualties mounted on both sides, but the Allies could afford the losses and the Germans could not.
On April 30, 1945, during the Battle of Berlin, fascist dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide on his bunker. The world's first operational jet fighgters, the Messerschmitt Me 262s, and the Volksturm were used in the defense of Germany. But after Hitler's death, and with Italy having surrendered 2 years earlier, Germany surrendered on May 2, 1945.
THE PACIFIC WAR 1941-1945
The Japanes Navy was one of the best in the world. They had the largest aircraft carrier, and their Zeros were extremely fast and maneuverable. Their infantry operated on the jungles, and were masterminds of guerilla tactics. After the Battle of Midway, the tides turned.
In the early 1930s, scientists made nations aware of the destructive power of atomic weapons. The US invested $2billion in the Manhattan Project. In August 1945, they finally dropped the world's first atomic bombs, the Fat Man and the Little Boy, on the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered on Spetember 2, 1945.
2006-06-19 11:21:34
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answer #1
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answered by im_smart 3
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