Not every science is experimental, how do geologists,astronomers, and the like test hypothesis?

Answer 1

In theoretical work, such as theoretical physics and cosmology, researchers are limited to mathematical proofs. Occasionally an experiment may be performed or an observation may be made that indirectly strengthen or weaken a theoretical hypothesis.

Einstine did not live long enough to see all of his theories tested..one of them is being tested right now using the most spherical balls ever made. They have been launched into orbit and will hopefully tell us more about gravity and space.

Answer 2

Even though every hypothesis in some fields cannot be tested experimentally, Mathematical models and analysis of available data help test such hypotheses. One classic example is whether global warming is man-made or periodic cycling of climatic conditions. Though you can't prove how our world would look like, say 100 years from now, you can certainly use Mathematical models and accumulated data to predict one way or the other.

Answer 3

One very important principle in geology is the principle of uniformitarianism. It states that the things we see happening now are what has happened in the past. Mountains slowly weather and are eroded.
Another method is using indirect observation. For example, we cannot directly see the expansion of the universe. However, we note a shift in wavelength toward the red end of the visible light spectrum. This shows us that almost all galaxies are moving away from us.
If observations are made that do not align with current models further observations are made to see if the model needs to be changed.

Answer 4

By observation of events that should test the limits of theory.

Taking a theory down to core principals and devising experiments that test the principals. In astronomy anyway, the fundamental laws that operate out there should also operate here as well.

Making sophisticated dynamic models based on theory and seeing how closely the models match real world observations.

Answer 5

This one is always interesting. If you get a result that by some chance or false inference confirms God the Christians get all excited and bounce up in down saying, "Lookie, Lookie". If you get the negative result, which is by far the most common, the Christians yell foul and say, "You should not put God to the test." Funny how that works.

Answer 6

they can make a miniature modeling the planet or the earth's core they are experimenting with

Answer 7

Mostly observations if they can't test it themselves.