World War 2
(1939–45) The most destructive war in history. Its origins lay in three different conflicts which merged after 1941: Germany's desire for European expansion; Japan's struggle against China; and a resulting conflict between Japanese ambitions and US interests in the Pacific. The origins of the war in Europe lay in German unwillingness to accept the frontiers laid down in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles. After the German invasion of Czechoslovakia (Mar 1939), Britain and France pledged support to Poland. Germany concluded an alliance with Russia (Aug 1939), and then invaded Poland (1 Sep). Britain and France declared war on Germany (3 Sep), but could not prevent Poland from being overrun in four weeks. For six months there was a period of ‘phoney war’, when little fighting took place, but the Germans then occupied Norway and Denmark (Apr 1940), and Belgium and Holland were invaded (10 May). A combination of German tank warfare and air power brought about the surrender of Holland in four days, Belgium in three weeks, and France in seven weeks. There followed the Battle of Britain, in which Germany tried to win air supremacy over Britain, but failed. As a result, the planned invasion of Britain was postponed, and never subsequently took place. Germany launched submarine attacks against British supply routes, but then moved E and invaded Greece and Yugoslavia (Apr 1941). British military efforts were concentrated against Italy in the Mediterranean and N Africa. After early reverses for Italy, Rommel was sent to N Africa with the Afrika Corps to reinforce Italian military strength, and campaigning continued here for three years until Allied troops finally ejected German and Italian forces in mid-1943, invaded Sicily and then Italy itself, and forced Italy to make a separate peace (3 Sep 1943).
In June 1941, Germany invaded her ally Russia along a 2000 mi front, and German armies advanced in three formations: to the outskirts of Leningrad (now St Petersburg) in the N, towards Moscow in the centre, and to the Volga R in the S. After spectacular early successes, the Germans were held up by bitter Russian resistance, and by heavy winter snows and Arctic temperatures, for which they were completely unprepared. From November 1942 they were gradually driven back. Leningrad was under siege for nearly 2½ years (until Jan 1944), and about a third of its population died from starvation and disease. The Germans were finally driven out of Russia (Aug 1944). A second front was launched against Germany by the Allies (Jun 1944), through the invasion of Normandy, and Paris was liberated (25 Aug). Despite German use of flying bombs and rockets against London, the Allies advanced into Germany (Feb 1945) with the aid of American forces in ever-increasing numbers, and linked with the Russians on the R Elbe (28 Apr). The Germans surrendered unconditionally at Reims (7 May 1945).
In the Far East, Japan's desire for expansion led to her invasion of Manchuria (1931) and China proper (1937). Anglo–US warnings against Japanese policies provoked an attack on Pearl Harbor and other British and US bases (7 Dec 1941), galvanizing the USA to declare war against Japan the next day. In reply Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the USA (11 Dec). Within four months, Japan controlled SE Asia and Burma. Not until June 1942 did naval victories in the Pacific stem the advance, and Japanese troops defended their positions grimly. Bitter fighting continued until 1945, when, with Japan on the retreat, defeated by the British in SE Asia and by the Americans in the Pacific, and having disregarded Allied demands for unconditional surrender, the USA dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (6 and 9 Aug). Japan then surrendered (14 Aug).
Casualty figures are not easy to obtain accurately, but approximately 3 million Russians were killed in action, 3 million died as prisoners-of-war, 8 million people died in occupied Russia, and about 3 million in unoccupied Russia. Germany suffered 3¼ million military casualties, around 6 million total casualties, and lost a million prisoners of war. Japan suffered just over 2 million military casualties and just over ¼ million civilian deaths. France lost a total of ½ million dead, and Britain and her Commonwealth just over 600 000. The USA suffered just over 300 000 casualties. It is also estimated that in the course of the German occupation of a large part of Europe, about 4 million Jews were murdered in extermination and labour camps, and an estimated 2 million more in mass murders in Eastern Europe. The long-term results of the war were the division of Germany (1945–90), the restoration to the Soviet Union of lands lost in the Versailles peace settlement (1919–21) together with the creation of communist buffer-states along the Soviet frontier with C and E Europe. Britain had accumulated a $20 billion debt, mostly to the USA through the Lend-Lease Act, while in the Far East nationalist resistance forces were to ensure the de-colonization of SE Asian countries. The USA and the Soviet Union emerged from the war as the two largest global powers, each embarking on a programme of rearmament with nuclear capability.
2006-06-16 13:54:34
·
answer #1
·
answered by ~Untold Wisdom~ 4
·
1⤊
1⤋
Hitler came to power, in Germany, in the 1930's . He mobilized the Germany military into a strong fighting Army, Built a German Navy and Air Force - all with the intention of conquering the whole of Europe.
England had a Treaty with Poland, that if the latter was attacked, England would fight the agressor. In September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland and England declared war on Germany.
It ended in 1945 when Hitler committed suicide in an underground bunker in Berlin.
2006-06-16 14:01:47
·
answer #2
·
answered by fatsausage 7
·
0⤊
0⤋
Be more effective particular. WWII lasted from 1939-1945 (with conflict in Asia predating that through a number of years), in touch 8 significant international locations and dozens of others, ensuing in thousands and thousands of superb memories and distinct themes. No thanks to respond to the question the way you worded it. Google "international conflict 2" or look on Wikipedia for more effective records.
2016-11-14 21:20:57
·
answer #4
·
answered by weagraff 4
·
0⤊
0⤋