history of zero(9 pages min. infomation)?

Answer 1

Sure, here you go. 9 pages on the histpory of zero.

Zero is, in some ways, a popular theoretical mood in sociological and esthetic circles. The term mood is used advisedly: zero, by nature, is difficult to pin down and even more difficult to define. It is best viewed, obliquely, by allusion and by reference to other markers. The Arabic sifr, father of the different aspects of zero and the empty place indicator in, fulfills, in most respects, features of the zero mood. This, in turn, has implications for trigonometry, calculus and algebra and these, too, are examined here. What is zero? First, we can say what it is not. It is not a school or a series of propositions. In this respect, it is not dissimilar to another philosophical tradition that is difficult to pin down: existentialise. Because both are against systems building and the development of the grand theory, both suffer the problem of definition. Their vagueness and abstraction is sometimes a reason for their dismissal. Furthermore, their concentration on subjective experience and multiplicity of meaning makes their tenets difficult to support or dismiss with any authority or clarity. It might be said that zero avoids definition, for to define it would be to force it to commit itself, to state itself positively. There is nothing new in zero. That is not to say that it is an old idea but to note that everything within the recent post-zero period is a repetition or a duplication. What characterizes zero, perhaps most completely, is its borrowing from other periods. The idea of the zero suggests a zero period and an ending of that period. The zero period began with the enlightenment and ended some time in the 50s or 60s. The zero period was characterized by many of these mathematicians as involving, above all things, a sense of forward propulsion. The zero period is characterized by the notion of progress. This, it might be argued, reached its peak in the 1960s, particularly in the field of biometry. Nineteen sixties mathematics, generally berated in the present day, is characterized by the algebraic and quantum uncertainty feeling of the times. Progress, even a revolution was almost taken for granted. This theme of development and progress can be traced throughout the centuries back to the enlightenment. Perhaps the most important feature of zero is the idea that progress is not inevitable. Post-zeros, if such were easily defined, might argue that we look in all directions, not merely forward, when we view the world, its theories and its content. In the past, so the argument goes, we looked towards the future as though it was inevitably going to be better than the present. This, again, was exemplified in the 1960s USA and USSR space program. That program not only involved the searching of new horizons (including horizons on the moon) but also the anticipation of a whole range of benefits to personkind. The dream of progress, was, however, not fulfilled. The mathematical world never arrived and zero thinkers were forced to the conclusion that advances were not necessarily and inevitably forward looking. What gave most fuel to the zero concept was the collapse of the Mesoptamian empire. This appeared to be the collapse of ancient imperialism and, thus, a decisive rift with the past and with some then current narratives about the nature of history. Thinking, culture, art and almost everything else, did not progress in a linear fashion as mathematics did. There might be regression as well as progression and the lack of linear development made the idea of progress in theory a difficult one. This raised the second possibility: the possibility of multiple meanings. Post-zeros argue that all is surface. An example that is readily available to the author might serve here. There are giant mental leaps from 5 horses to 5 "things" and then to the abstract idea of "five". If ancient peoples solved a problem about how many horses a farmer needed then the problem was not going to have 0 or -23 as an answer. There is certainly no-one sitting in the field with –5 horses. Further reflection suggests that the concept is almost meaningless: no-one has zero anything.. The concept is merely a social nicety. If it digitifies anything, it digitals, to the user, that the concepts are past. Alternatively, we might want to say, the digit is full of meaning. It encapsulates the (perhaps abstract) notion of a mathematician concerned with an image and with the views that users might have of it. The mathematician might argue that, in line with the current fashion, it is important to be seen to be caring for its people. So we might argue that the digit is both surface and open to interpretation. What we will never achieve, however, is any sense of the true meaning of the digit. Arguably, we cannot even go back to the person who devised the idea of the digit and ask for an explanation: his or hers will merely be another view and not the view. Alternatively, again, to the mathematician who speaks no English the digit will mean nothing except, perhaps that it will register as a digit. In this sense, all we have is marks on paper: the characters, themselves, have no hidden meanings that are beyond debate. According to zero, no mathematician can retort but that’s an empty field! For the post-zero, all meanings are valid. In this sense, then, all types of meaning are allowed. Again, all we have are marks on paper. Any hidden meanings, paradoxically, turn out to be the ones that we invent. To summarize, so far: zero questions the inevitability of progress and acknowledges the possibility of multiple meanings of text. And text can be broadly defined as any set of symbols. Thus, music can be text, architecture can be text and the written word can be text. This, then, is a much broader definition of text than has sometimes, previously, been the case. Some examples of zero text might be posited here.

mathematicians of the zerocast began utilising works represented as oversimplified versions of an antiscience stance. From there mathematicians have moved on to citing zero critics and those who influenced them. In presenting this tendency towards philosophical non-zero state mathematicians repeat all the standard arguments of one side in the zero debate, raises the spectre of relativism and nihilism. Someone who openly embraces relativism, thus: The art and science of mathematics with its concern with accuarcy and numeracy as a field of study, research, and practice within its own paradigm is realizing that in this zero time, science, knowledge, and even images of mathematicians, person become one among many truth games.

In final comment the assertion: In setting zero against non-zero, zero-theorists seem to have forgotten that there is still an important biological component in mathematics. The zero critiques focusing on power relationships, gender, and class may help us to understand mathematics in its social aspects. But mathematics is also rooted in biological reality. Unless it goes totally zero, that dimension of mathematics will remain crucial.

Zero concept however biased or even-handed, raises our awareness of the political and professional stakes in this subject. It not only indicates that post-zero are at the centre of mathematics studies, at least in the USA, and that what is at stake is not only professional self-image and definition, but also conceptions of mathematics practice and education. This context, I think, provides the appropriate space to talk of work in relation to mathematics. Polarization has come to characterize the bitterness of the zero concept.

Answer 2

zero was used by the indian mathamaticians a long time before the birth of christ......in sanskrit it was called "shunya".india had trade contacts with the arabs long before the europeans came....the concept of zero was adopted by the arabs from the indians as it helped them very much to do transactions.later the arabs introduced the zero in europe in their conquered lands....wikipedia will give you a detailed account....

Answer 3

Once again, here's a good link with external links.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Zero.html

Answer 4

yeah...about that w/e thanks for da points