as that by which 的文法解析

Question

"The sunlight bends outward when it exits the water by an angle equal to that by which it bent inward when it entered the water."


"The sunlight bends outward when it exits the water by the same angle as that by which it bent inward when it entered the water."


請幫我作此兩句的文法解析及翻譯，謝謝

Hi, Tim

所以第一句可還原為:
"The sunlight bends outward when it exits the water by an angle equal to an angle which it bent inward when it entered the water by."

第二句可還原為:
"The sunlight bends outward when it exits the water by the same angle as the angle which it bent inward when it entered the water by."

對嗎?

Answer 1

版主您好:

先把比較不重要的枝節去掉來看:
The sunlight bends outward by an angle equal to that by which it bent inward.
The sunlight bends outward by the same angle as that by which it bent inward.

如此可以清楚地看出, [equal to]的語意以[the same as]來取代. [as]是介係詞.
[that]是指示代名詞, 指的是[angle].
[which](關係代名詞)所引導的是形容詞子句, 修飾[that].
至於被去掉的兩個[when]所引導的是表示"時間"的副詞子句.(注意兩者時態的不同)

整體語意的瞭解應該難不倒您, 以下的翻譯供參考:
當太陽光離開水(這個介質)的時候, 其行進方向會以一個角度往外偏移; 與當初它進入水中時, (行進方向)往內偏移的角度是完全相同的.

至於您所謂的"還原", 個人認為並不妥當. 關於"介係詞"不宜放在句尾的討論已經有很多了. 在下的看法是:
如果介係詞與動詞的親和力較強, 可以接受:
This is the man who(m) you talked to.
若否, 則應放在關代之前:
We measure the angle by which the line tilts.
因為這裡的[by which]其實有很濃厚的"副詞"語意, 近似於[how], 但是又不能用[how].
(這是個人的體會, 不知道是否有文法書這樣講. 所以參考看看就好.^_^)

另外, 對於這兩個句子, 個人的寫法傾向於:

When the sunlight exits the water, it bends outward by the angle by which it bent inward when it entered the water.

http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:JciWpk7t_zIJ:www.wikipatents.com/4289962.html+%22by+the+angle+by+which%22&hl=zh-TW&ct=clnk&cd=46&gl=tw

When the sunlight exits the water, it bends outward by the same angle as it bent inward when it entered the water.
*[as]是連接詞.

http://books.google.com/books?id=Hos31wty5WIC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=%22by+the+same+angle+as%22&source=web&ots=VdNRJbfeJ6&sig=nGoOsy5_cyLnI-WP7B8-rTlvHJk

似乎比較簡潔.


2007-11-06 11:52:53 補充：
http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:zBjafz8vwmEJ:www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp%3Fwo%3D2007027059%26IA%3DWO2007027059%26DISPLAY%3DDESC+%22by+the+angle+by+which+%22&hl=zh-TW&ct=clnk&cd=24&gl=tw

2007-11-06 11:54:35 補充：
http://books.google.com/books?id=WfucBLrFSvIC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=%22by+the+angle+by+which%22&source=web&ots=ejfBB0M3Vx&sig=n06gnz6Z25MVW66aUc2W0L_qHmc

Answer 2

"The sunlight bends outward when it exits the water by the same angle as that by which it bent inward when it entered the water."
這句話說的是光線在水中的折射現象，入射角和出射角角度相同
(光線進入時折射角度和出來時折射角度相同)
正式的翻譯可以翻成下面這樣
陽光折射出水的角度與它折射進入水中的折射角度相同
句型分析：
"The sunlight bends outward
陽光折射出
when it exits the water
當它離開水時
by the same angle as that
以與XX相同的角度...
by which it bent inward when it entered the water."
(by which 後面說的是that的內容，就是被拿來比較的角度發生情形)
它(光線)折射進入水中時...
------------------------------------
若您的文法句型觀念不是非常清楚
要完全清楚這個句型
可能有一點點不容易

那就請您再看一下我下面的補充

A is the same as B
A和B一樣...用the same as
而上面句子中是說
『光入水的入射角度』相同於『光出水的出射角度』
所以它的整個句型在英文是(請仔細依序對照)
光出水時...彎曲的角度...是和that情形的角度相同的...說明that
也就是說
as that by which it bent inward when it entered the water
的『by which it bent inward when it entered the water』是跟在that後面
用來說明that的關係詞子句
不知道這樣您有沒有比較清楚呢，若是還有問題請您再提出來