GOOD EVENING Hungary, in Magyarország Hungarian, country of central Europe. His/her/its capital is Budapest. Hungary belongs to the European union.
Hungary is edged at the north by Slovakia, to the northeast by Ukraine, to the East by Romania, to the south by Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, and to the west by Austria. The country doesn't have an access at the sea.
Demography
In 2006, the Hungarian population was estimated to 9 981 334 inhabitants, either a density of 108 inhabitants to the km. About 65 p. 100 of the inhabitants lived in urban zone in 2003. For the period 1990-1995 and for the period 1995-2000, the middle yearly growth rate was negative (- 0,49 p. 100 and - 0,6 p. 100). In 2006, the birth rate was of 9,72 p. 1 000, with an average of 1,32 child by woman. The less than 15 years represent 15,57 p. 100 of the population and the more of 60 years, 20,71 p. 100. The middle life expectancy is of 68,5 years for the men and 77,1 years for the women.
About 93 p. 100 of the Hungarians are of the Magyar, descendants of the Finno-Ugrian and Turkish tribes who mingled with the tribes avars and Slavic from Hungary to the ixe century apr. J.-C. The Gypsies or Romses (5 p. 100), the Germans (2 p. 100), the Slovak (0,9 p. 100), the Slav of the South (Serbians, Croatians, Slovene; 0,9 p. 100) and the Rumanians
Administrative carving and main cities
On the administrative plan, the country is divided in 19 counties
Budapest (1 739 569 inhabitants in 2002) is the biggest city of the country and his/her/its political, economic and cultural capital. The other big cities are Debrecens (206 564 inhabitants), shopping mall of a big agricultural region to the East of the country; Miskolc (182 408 inhabitants), seat of the metallurgic industries to the northeast; Szeged (163 699 inhabitants), center of distribution of the agricultural products of the Big Hungarian Plain but as high place of the chemical industries and the synthetic textiles to the southeast; Pécs (159 794 inhabitants), center of industries light to the south of the country.
Institutions and political life
Reviewed substantially in 1989, the Constitution of 1949 acted as basis to the transition of a Communist State toward a parliamentary democracy.
Organization of the powers
The ministerial power is detained by the president of Republic, elected for five years by the Parliament. He/it names the Prime minister, charged to train his/her/its government.
The legislative power belongs to the Parliament whose 386 members are elected to the universal suffrage for four years. Among them, 176 are elected directly in the 176 circumscriptions, 152 he/it is to the proportional on lists presented by the parties in the comitats and 58 are elected indirectly from lists, according to the previous votes.
The highest jurisdiction of the country is the Supreme court, sitting in Budapest. His/her members are elected by the national assembly. The courses of comitat, district and city treat the criminal business and are in principle presided by a professional judge and two assessors. The judges are elected by local advice for three years.
Political parties
From 1949, the political life has been dominated by the Party of the Hungarian socialist workers and the Communist Party, transformed then in a Hungarian working socialist Party in 1956, in October 1989, in Hungarian socialist Party (MSZP). Many other left saw the day at the end of the years 1980, at the time of the fall of Communism: the Hungarian civic Party (Fidesz, curator), the Hungarian democratic Forum (THOUSAND FRANCS, curator), the alliance of the free democrats (SZDSZ, liberal), the Hungarian Party of the justice and life Hungarian (MIEP, extreme right), the independent Party of the small owners and peasants (FKGP), first party of the country in 1945, dissolve after the institution of the popular Republic of Hungary and reconstituted in 1988 and the Party popular Christian-democrat (KDNP, Christian-democrat).
Languages and religions
Hungarian, Finno-Ugrian language written in Latin characters and influenced by loans to the Turkish languages, Slavic, German, Latin and French, is the official language of the country. German, Rumanian, Slovak and Croatian are also spoken.
Hungary is traditionally has Novel Catholic country with year important Protestant minority. About the two third of the population are Catholic while has quarter is Protestant. The hand Protestant groups are the Hungarian reformed Calvinist church (18 p. 100) and the Hungarian Lutheran church (8 p. 100). The orthodox represent 0,4 p. 100 of the population and the Jewish community, strong of near has million of members before World War II, counted less than 100 000 members in 1991 (1 p. 100).
Education
The education is obligatory heart the children of 7 to 16 years. The primary school is free ace well ace the secondary education and superior. In 1994.1995, 3 814 primary schools welcomed 489 768 children distributed in eight levels. About 1,01 millions young Hungarians frequented the 1 180 technical and secondary schools. The country possesses has few 60 establishments of higher education, that received 354 386 students in 2001.2002. The most important are the universities Budapest of (founded in 1635), Pécs, the oldest of the country (1367), Szeged (1872) Debrecen and (1912). One the
Arts and cultural life
The Magyar elders possess a flourishing pagan culture that keeps oriental accents in his/her/its legends and his/her/its artistic and musical folklore. Following their conversion to Christianity, to the xe century, the pagan and oriental cultural elements are replaced by western themes while Latin becomes the official and literary language. During the xve century, the artists and Italian scholars promote the Renaissance in Hungary. To the following century, during the Reform, Hungarian replaces Latin.
To the xviiie and xixe centuries, Hungary tastes its turn to the century of Lights and to the western European liberalism. The Hungarian literature knows a relative development then but remains underestimated outside of the borders of the country. Only a very small number of Hungarian artists acquires an international renown: the painting knows its apogee during the period romantic of the xixe century. László Moholy-Nagy is one of the major artists of the xxe century. Under the Communist yoke, the socialist realism dominates the Hungarian art.
On the musical plan, the Hungarian culture is marked by various influences.
The introduction of Christianity in Hungary comes with the one of the western sacred music, under the shape of the Gregorian songs. To the xve century, a vocal and instrumental style brought by the Romses from India develops itself. Otherwise, the Hungarian popular music adopts the oriental harmonies as the construction of melody by fashion or range, clean to the Turks who invade the country to the xvie and xviie centuries.
To the xviie and xviiie centuries, the royal courses such the one of the prince Nicholas Esterhazy, in Eisenstadt, often possesses their own companies of opera and theater that use foreign musicians. The most known example is the one of the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn that worked during thirty years to the service of the family Esterhazy. The xixe century sees the emergence of the first local composer, Ferenc Erkel, that composes the national anthem and the first Hungarian opera. The composer and pianist Franz Liszt passes the clearest of his/her/its time in other countries. All as Erkel, Ernst Dohnányi von is influenced very by the German composers. The German music continues to exercise a big influence on the Hungarian music until Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodálies arrive to an international fame. From 1905, Bartók and Kodálies collect and publish the thousands of themes of the Hungarian folklore and integrate them to their .uvres. At the end of the years 1950, the young composers begin to disdain this folk music to explore more modern approaches of the composition.
Cultural institutions
Music dons a particular importance in this country that counts numerous rooms of concerts and musical, classic or folk formations. But the cultural life, greatly subsidized during the Communist period, cross today a crisis. After a short period of effervescence, several theater rooms should have closed their doors and the present artistic productions are not characterized by a big innovation.
The library national Széchényi of Budapest, founded in 1802, is the most important library of the country, with more of 2,4 millions of works and 4,2 millions of pieces of archives.
Among the big museums of Hungary, the museum of the national history whose collections retrace the history of the society and the culture Magyar since the ixe century, the museum of Fine arts and the museum of natural history is at Budapest. The country counts more than 100 public museums.
Medias
Hungary possesses four stations of radio and two TV channels. The Hungarian Constitution guarantees the liberty of the press. In 1998, there were 33 dailies totaling a pull of 4,69 millions of copies.
to the pleasure and thank you
2007-01-08 14:14:25
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