Bituminous coal is a relatively hard coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. It is of better quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality than anthracite coal.
Bituminous coal is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and submetamorphic compression of peat bog material.
Bituminous coal has been compressed and heated so that its primary constituents are the macerals vitrinite, exinite, etc. The carbon content of bituminous coal is around 60-80%, the rest is composed of water, air, hydrogen, and sulphur which have not been driven off from the macerals.
The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu/ton (24 to 35 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis.
Bituminous coal is usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material. Bituminous coal seams are stratigraphically identified by the distinctive sequence of bright and dark bands and are classified accordingly as either "dull, bright-banded" or "bright, dull-banded" and so on.
XISTO - PETROBRÁS - BRASIL - SÃO MATEUS DO SUL PR
UNIT OF THE PETROBRAS IS WORLD-WIDE REFERENCE The Unit of Business of the Industrialization of the Shale, of the Petrobras, located in Is Mateus of the South, the 140 kilometers of Curitiba, is inside of the one of the biggest world-wide reserves of shale - Irati Formation, that encloses the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande Do Sul, Mato Grosso of Sul and Goiás. Of this formation 700 million oil barrels can be extracted, 9 million tons of liquefeito gas (GLP), 25 billion cubical meters of shale gas and 18 million tons of sulphur. The shale is a rock sedimentary that contains querogênio, a organic complex that if it decomposes termicamente and it produces oil and gas. In the region of They are Mateus of the South has two layers of shale: superior one with 6,4 meters of thickness and 6.4% of oil text, and another inferior with 3,2 meters of thickness and 9,1% oil text. The Unit occupies an area of 7 million square meters and is considered one of most important of the world in the exploration of the mineral. The exploration of the shale for the Petrobras had beginning in 1954, in the city of Tremembé, Valley of Paraíba (SP). Three years later, in 1957, had been carried through the first tests with the shale of the Irati Formation, extracted of the deposit of Are Mateus of the South In 1959, the direction of the Petrobras approved the construction of a plant in the paranaense city, that started to operate in 1972. With the entrance in operation of the Industrial Module, in December of 1991, last stage of consolidation of the Petrobras technology of extration of the shale was concluded it. After minerado the opened sky, the shale is carried to a britador, that reduces it the rocks of up to 8 centimeters. After that, the mineral is taken continuously by a leather strap to a vertical cylindrical reactor - also known as retorta, to be warm to a temperature of approximately 500ºC. From there, the mineral liberates organic substance in form of oil and gas. After that, the shale passes for another stage, of this time of cooling, that results in the condensation of oil vapors in the form of gotículas, that they are carried to it are of retorta for the gases. These gotículas, collected, constitute the oil heavy. After the withdrawal of the oil weighed, the shale gases pass for another process of cleanness for the attainment of the light oil. The remain is directed for the unit of treatment of gases, where gas combustible and liquefeito gas are produced (GLP), and where also the recovery of sulphur is made. With the withdrawal of the oil and gas of the rock, what it sobrou is led for the diggings of the mine to be re-covered by a layer of vegetal clay and ground, what allows the use of the area for the creation of animals, plantation and urbanization.
2006-10-26 14:29:57
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answer #1
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answered by Apolo 6
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